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	<title>book review | Reading the Planet</title>
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	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
	<description>Learning to understand a changing world. 気候変動・格差・社会の変化について学び共有するブログ</description>
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	<url>https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/cropped-earth-32x32.jpg</url>
	<title>book review | Reading the Planet</title>
	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
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	<item>
		<title>Vulture Capitalism Explained: BlackRock, Neoliberalism and the Fight to Reclaim Democracy</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 20:54:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inequality]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22563</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A summary of Grace Blakeley’s Vulture Capitalism, exploring neoliberalism, BlackRock, financial power, inequality, climate change, and the future of democracy.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book I&#8217;m introducing today is&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>Vulture Capitalism&#8221;</strong></em>&nbsp;by <strong>Grace Blakeley</strong>, a Marxist economist, political commentator, journalist, and author who has been actively speaking out about growing economic inequality in the UK.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="370" height="522" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png" alt="" class="wp-image-22493" style="aspect-ratio:0.7088245802072168;width:246px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png 370w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture-213x300.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the gap between rich and poor has grown even wider across the world. At the same time, right-wing populism and far-right movements have gained momentum in countries such as the United States, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, and Israel. <br><br><br>And here in the UK, we are increasingly seeing the consequences of these changes as well.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>These days, it&#8217;s incredibly easy to scroll through social media and come across conspiracy theories, misinformation, and wild speculation. That&#8217;s why I believe reading well-researched, evidence-based books like this is more important than ever.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>At a time when so many people are feeling uncertain about the future, the greatest value of this book is that it doesn’t simply describe the crises we face today. Instead, it explains the hidden story behind how we got here.<br><br><br>It helps us understand where we stand today and the historical path that has brought us here.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-1"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-1">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"></li><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Grace Blakeley?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Does the Free Market Really Exist?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>Putting Limits on the Power of Capital</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">How Shareholder Value Changed Everything</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">Who Really Controls the World&#8217;s Money?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">Central Banks and the Power of Financial Markets</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">Who Do the IMF and World Bank Really Serve?</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">Grace Blakeley&#8217;s Vision for Change</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Grace Blakeley?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="695" height="729" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-22496" style="aspect-ratio:0.9534020618556701;width:293px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg 695w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley-286x300.jpeg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Screenshot</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First, a quick introduction to the author.<br><br><br>Grace Blakeley, who is still in her early thirties, is a democratic socialist and describes herself as a Marxist rather than an economist.<br><br><br>After working as a columnist for the political weekly&nbsp;<em>New Statesman</em>&nbsp;and other publications, she gained widespread attention with her third book,&nbsp;<strong><em>Vulture Capitalism</em>.</strong><br><br><br>In recent years, she has been speaking out about the growing severity of economic inequality. Arguing that ordinary people need to take action if we are to stop inequality from getting even worse, she continues to speak to audiences around the country to spread that message.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Below is a clip from when she appeared on&nbsp;<em>PoliticsJOE</em>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="How capitalism enslaved us all | Grace Blakeley interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CLPGrdRid7Y?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>She previously supported the Labour Party during Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership. However, in 2023, she left the party, saying she disagreed with Keir Starmer’s comments on the Gaza conflict. <br><br><br>She now supports the Green Party, led by Zack Polanski.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Does the Free Market Really Exist?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22499" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555677756392632;width:520px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tina Park</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When people hear the word “capitalism”, one of the first things that often comes to mind is the idea of a “<strong>free market</strong>”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This concept generally refers to &#8230; </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a system in which the state intervenes as little as possible, allowing participants such as sole traders, family-run shops, small and medium-sized businesses, and large corporations to compete freely within the market.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The idea is that this kind of competition leads to better products, better services, and innovation. In the end, consumers enjoy a more comfortable and prosperous life. <br><br>Wouldn’t this be the kind of capitalism that many people tend to imagine?<br><br><br><br>In other words&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Capitalism ➡︎ Free market ➡︎ Competition ➡︎ Prosperity and freedom</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>However, from the 1980s onwards, under leaders such as Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States, capitalist policy shifted towards <strong>neoliberalism</strong>.<br><br><br>As a result, this structure began to break down.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Neoliberalism refers to &#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">a modern policy approach that places a strong emphasis on free market competition. To achieve this, governments promote deregulation, privatisation, and institutional reforms, while at the same time limiting their direct intervention in market transactions and competition.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>At first glance, neoliberalism appears to be an idea that reduces state intervention and leaves markets to operate freely.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, according to Blakeley, the state has not actually withdrawn. Instead, its intervention has been redirected to create market conditions that benefit large corporations and financial institutions.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>As a result, large companies often receive government subsidies, and during crises such as the 2008 financial crash, banks and financial institutions that took excessive risks were rescued with public money to prevent collapse.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In addition, through lobbying, corporations are able to influence politicians and policy-making, securing regulations and reforms that work in their favour.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She also quotes the American economist Thorstein Veblen in her book:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The competitive process naturally creates incentives to try to change the rules to one&#8217;s own advantage.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If that&#8217;s the case, then modern capitalism is no longer run by free market competition. Instead, it is shaped by the power of governments and large corporations. In other words, the &#8220;free and competitive market&#8221; that capitalism promised no longer really exists.<br><br><br><br><br>The result is something like this:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Neoliberalism ➡︎ Deregulation ➡︎ The growth of large corporations ➡︎ Market dominance ➡︎ Greater political influence</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>According to Blakeley, this has created a system that ultimately leads to widening economic inequality.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She also argues that the very term &#8220;free market&#8221; gives the impression that competition takes place under fair and equal rules, making the reality of the system much harder to see.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>Putting Limits on the Power of Capital</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22508" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555992914780554;width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Leonhard_Niederwimmer</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Capitalism is &#8230; </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a social system based on the class division between those who own the means of production and those who do not. Those without ownership must sell their labour in order to make a living.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, the defining feature of capitalism is the relationship between those who own the resources and means of production needed to produce goods and services, and those who must work for them because they do not.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, since neoliberal policies were introduced in the 1980s, companies have become increasingly focused on maximising profits and shareholder value. According to Blakeley, this has changed the way capitalism works, so that it no longer necessarily benefits society as a whole.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>She points to several clear examples, including the exploitation of workers by large corporations, increasing environmental damage, and the growing concentration of market power.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Workers Under Pressure: Amazon as an Example</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Take Amazon, for example, one of the world&#8217;s largest platform companies.<br><br><br>According to the book, workers at Amazon warehouses in the UK are expected to process one package every nine seconds on average while working from 7:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.<br><br>The book also describes cases in which female employees were allegedly treated unfairly after taking maternity leave, as well as instances in which the company allegedly tried to prevent workers from organising and standing up for their rights.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These examples illustrate the danger of allowing the pursuit of efficiency and profit to take priority over workers&#8217; health and rights.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹The Environmental Cost of Overproduction</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One issue that particularly shocked me was Amazon&#8217;s problem of large-scale waste.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the book, <strong>Amazon is said to dispose of millions of new, unsold products every year, including items such as televisions and smartphones.</strong><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In fact, reports revealed that internal documents from an Amazon warehouse in Scotland showed that more than 120,000 items were marked for disposal in just one week. In some weeks, the number was said to have reached nearly 200,000 items.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Naturally, the process of producing, transporting, and eventually disposing of these products consumes vast amounts of energy and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to Amazon&#8217;s own figures, the company&#8217;s greenhouse gas emissions reached 71.54 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent in 2021, an 18% increase compared with the previous year.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If Amazon were considered a country, its emissions would be comparable to those of Kenya, a nation with a population of around 53 million people.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Who Controls Our Food System?</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley is not only questioning how individual companies behave.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She is also highlighting the fact that, through repeated mergers and acquisitions, much of the agricultural and food system has come under the control of a handful of powerful corporations.<br><br><br>In essential agricultural sectors such as seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers, the market has come to be dominated by just a handful of giant corporations, including&nbsp; <strong>Bayer</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>Corteva</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>Syngenta</strong>,  and&nbsp;<strong>BASF</strong>. <br><br><br>As a result, competition has weakened, increasing the risk that food security and farmers&#8217; choices will be undermined.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Neoliberalism was originally supposed to promote efficiency and prosperity through free competition. In reality, however, competition has allowed giant corporations to become even bigger, creating the ironic situation in which they come to dominate the market itself.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That is why Blakeley argues that we need a system that places democratic checks on the power of giant corporations, rather than leaving the market entirely to the state or allowing corporations to do as they please.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">How Shareholder Value Changed Everything</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22524" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556316330023965;width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Benjamin Behre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to Blakeley, the spread of neoliberalism from the 1980s onward encouraged many companies to put shareholder returns ahead of long-term investment and the welfare of the people who work for them.<br><br><br>A classic example featured in the book is&nbsp;Ford Motor Company, the American car manufacturer.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ford was once one of America&#8217;s leading manufacturers, employing large numbers of workers to build cars. However, Blakeley argues that in recent years its financial business has become increasingly important, and that the company&#8217;s focus has shifted from making good cars to delivering returns to shareholders. In fact, she notes that between 2012 and 2020, Ford returned 100 percent of its net profits to shareholders.<br><br><br><br>Of course, providing returns to shareholders is one of a company&#8217;s important responsibilities.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>However, when it becomes the top priority, there is a risk that too little money will be invested in new equipment, research and development, and the people who work for the company.</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Another example presented at the very beginning of the book is&nbsp;Boeing.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to her, the company&#8217;s drive to maximize profits and boost its share price led to safety concerns being overlooked, ultimately resulting in serious accidents. Yet even after these tragedies, it is the company that is held accountable, while the executives who made the key decisions are rarely prosecuted or held personally criminally liable.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She argues that this is what truly reveals the nature of neoliberalism. It is not that the power of the state has weakened, but rather that it has come to be used to protect the interests of capitalists and corporate executives instead of those of workers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">Who Really Controls the World&#8217;s Money?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22528" style="width:500px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by van3ssa</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We tend to think that companies compete with one another in a free market. However, Blakeley points out that, behind the scenes, a small number of powerful asset managers have become major forces shaping the global economy.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book highlights <strong>BlackRock</strong> as a leading example: one of the largest asset management firms in the world.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Unlike Amazon or Ford, BlackRock is not a company that provides products or services directly to consumers. Instead, it makes money by investing funds collected from pension funds and investors into companies around the world.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As a result, it is not unusual for <strong>the same asset management companies to be major shareholders in companies</strong> that appear to have nothing in common — from food companies whose products are sold in supermarkets to IT firms and pharmaceutical companies.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She challenges this reality with a question: “In a supposedly free market, how is it that the same companies have come to hold such influence over businesses around the world?”<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">What is even more interesting is that much of the money managed by these asset management companies actually comes from our own pension funds.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Pension funds invest money in order to pay future pensions, and they often entrust the management of those investments to companies like BlackRock.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In other words, our own retirement savings are also being grown through investments in companies around the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This means that asset management companies are constantly under pressure to generate high returns. She argues that, as a result, companies may become more likely to prioritize cutting labour costs and rewarding shareholders, while giving less attention to workers, local communities, and the environment.<br><br><br><br>In this way, economic power has become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of powerful financial institutions. And their influence extends beyond corporate management, reaching into politics and society as a whole.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">Central Banks and the Power of Financial Markets</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22532" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556269407859513;width:504px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by moritz320</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Most ordinary people assume that governments are the ones who run countries. However, Blakeley points out that, in today’s world, the power of financial markets and giant financial institutions has grown so significant that even governments find it difficult to ignore their influence when making policy decisions.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In this sense, the power of the state has not simply declined in the neoliberal era. Rather, the influence of financial institutions and investors who move money around the world has become stronger than ever before.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>One of the clearest examples of this shift is the idea of&nbsp;<strong>central bank independence</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In the past, politicians sometimes pressured central banks to “lower interest rates” or “print more money” because they wanted to boost the economy before elections and gain support from voters.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From the 1980s onward, the idea that “monetary policy should be managed by experts rather than politicians” became more widely accepted, and many countries moved towards granting greater independence to their central banks.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>However, Blakeley points out that this arrangement may have reduced direct political influence over monetary policy, but at the same time it allowed the ideas and interests of financial markets and financial institutions to gain greater influence over economic policy.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>For example, when a financial crisis occurs, central banks often give priority to rescuing banks because allowing them to fail could cause the entire economy to collapse. This can create a situation in which banks are effectively treated as “too special to fail.”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As a result, financial institutions may develop the sense that “even if they make mistakes, they will ultimately be rescued,” encouraging them to take greater risks.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As this process continues, governments increasingly make policy decisions while taking into account how financial markets will react. As a result, profits become concentrated in the financial sector, while the costs and risks are passed on to society as a whole, widening inequality.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the end, even democratically elected governments may find their choices constrained, as they hesitate to take action for fear of triggering a backlash from financial markets.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">Who Do the IMF and World Bank Really Serve?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22535" style="aspect-ratio:1.55560056714604;width:516px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus-krisetya</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley also points out that the impact of neoliberalism extended to developing countries.<br><br><br>One example discussed in the book is Zambia.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Following a dramatic fall in copper prices, Zambia’s export revenues declined sharply. Then, when the United States raised interest rates substantially, the burden of servicing its dollar-denominated debt increased dramatically, placing the country under even greater financial pressure.<br><br><br>In the wake of this debt crisis, the <strong>World Bank</strong> and the <strong>IMF</strong> stepped in with an offer: “We&#8217;ll lend you money—but only if you agree to certain conditions.” <br><br><br>These conditions became known as&nbsp;<strong>Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs).</strong><br><br><br>The aim of&nbsp;SAPs&nbsp;was to make economies more efficient, reduce government budget deficits, and promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment. <br><br><br><br>Their policies included&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">■ Cutting government spending (austerity)<br>■ Privatising state-owned enterprises<br>■ Deregulation<br>■ Trade liberalisation<br>■ Reducing subsidies</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>It&#8217;s a set of policies that should sound familiar by now.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>As a result, government spending on education and healthcare was reduced, and living standards for ordinary people declined. Unemployment and poverty increased, while local industries struggled to compete with foreign companies. As a result, dependence on developed countries and international financial institutions deepened even further.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Through this process, foreign corporations expanded into developing countries, creating more low-paid and exploitative jobs that often involved dangerous physical labour.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">Grace Blakeley&#8217;s Vision for Change</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22541" style="width:538px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley argues that the problem is not the existence of markets themselves, but the fact that giant financial institutions and investors that move money around the world have accumulated too much power. She believes that what matters is restoring democratic rules to this system.<br><br><br><br>One of the most inspiring stories in this chapter is the&nbsp;&#8220;Lucas Plan&#8221;. <br><br>The book describes how, in 1970s Britain, workers at a military manufacturing company proposed producing socially useful products — such as wind turbines and medical equipment — instead of weapons.<br><br><br>She also points out that because the development of new technologies is largely controlled by giant corporations and a small number of wealthy individuals, these technologies are often designed with the goal of generating profits above all else.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In order to build a truly democratic society, she argues that technology should be used not for the benefit of a small group of wealthy people, but for the benefit of society as a whole.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For this reason, she argues that &#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>each of us needs to recognise that politics is not just about voting in elections. We need to understand that joining together with our colleagues to demand better wages, protesting against the climate crisis, and working with our neighbours to protect a local library are all forms of political participation.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Blakeley emphasises that the greatest obstacle is not the overwhelming power of a small group of wealthy elites, but the widespread belief that <strong>real change is simply impossible</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Perhaps that is why what we need most is to let go of that belief, reconnect with those around us, and, through countless small acts, rediscover the possibility that society really can be changed.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><br>So, that&#8217;s all for today.<br><br><br>This book is full of the knowledge we need to understand the crises of our time and to begin thinking seriously about how to tackle growing inequality and climate change.<br><br>Every single page is dense and thought-provoking, but I genuinely believe that if more people were to read this book, we would have a much better chance of solving many of the problems humanity faces today.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Bye now,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism/">新自由主義とは何だったのか？『Vulture Capitalism』から読み解く現代資本主義の問題点</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>新自由主義とは何だったのか？『Vulture Capitalism』から読み解く現代資本主義の問題点</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:58:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inequality]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22492</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[なぜ格差は広がり、企業は株主を最優先するようになったのでしょうか。『Vulture Capitalism』をもとに、新自由主義の歴史、巨大金融資本の台頭、BlackRockや中央銀行の役割、そして民主主義を取り戻すためのヒントをわかりやすく紹介します。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも、コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br><br><br>今回紹介する本は、経済格差が広がるイギリスで精力的に活動を続けるマルクス経済学者であり、政治評論家、ジャーナリスト、作家でもある<strong>グレース・ブレイクリー</strong>さんの著書<em>『<strong>Vulture Capitalism</strong>』</em>。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="370" height="522" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png" alt="" class="wp-image-22493" style="aspect-ratio:0.708828250401284;width:242px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png 370w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture-213x300.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>コロナウィルスのパンデミック以降、世界各地で経済格差がさらに拡大する中、アメリカの右派ポピュリズムをはじめ、イタリア、ハンガリー、アルゼンチン、イスラエルなどで極右の政党が勢力を伸ばしており、こうした動きの影響はイギリスでも強く感じられます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>そんな中、憶測による陰謀論や偽情報（ディスインフォメーション）が飛び交うSNSで手軽に情報を拾うのではなく、証拠や確かな裏付けに基づいたこのような本を読むことは、今の時代において非常に大切なことです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>将来への不安が広がる今の時代において、この本の最大の価値は、現在の危機そのものではなく、それを形づくってきた「知られざる背景」にスポットライトを当てている点にあります。<br><br><br>私たちが現在どのような位置に立っているのか、そして世界がどのような歴史的過程を経て現在に至ったのかを理解するための重要な手がかりを与えてくれる一冊です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-2"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-2">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"></li><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>グレース・ブレイクリー</strong>さんってどんな人？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">自由市場は本当に存在するのか？</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">資本の力に適切な歯止めをかける</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">「株主価値の最大化」がすべてを変えた</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">誰が世界のお金を動かしているのか</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">中央銀行と金融市場の力関係</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">IMFと世界銀行は誰のために存在するのか？</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">ブレイクリーさんが提案する解決策</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>グレース・ブレイクリー</strong>さんってどんな人？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="695" height="729" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-22496" style="aspect-ratio:0.9533769829063585;width:289px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg 695w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley-286x300.jpeg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まだ30代前半のグレイス・ブレイクリーさんは、民主社会主義者であり、自らを経済学者というよりもマルクス主義者だと表現しています。<br><br><br>彼女は政治週刊誌 New Statesman などでコラムニストとして活動した後、この3冊目の著書<em>『<strong>Vulture Capitalism</strong>』</em>によって大きな注目を集めるようになりました。<br><br><br>近年は、急速に拡大する経済格差の深刻さを訴え、その流れを食い止めるために行動を起こす必要があるとして、各地で一般市民に向けた発信を続けています。<br><br><br><br><br>下は、&#8221;POLITICS JOE&#8221; に出演した際の映像。</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="How capitalism enslaved us all | Grace Blakeley interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CLPGrdRid7Y?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ブレイクリーさんはかつて、ジェレミー・コービン時代の労働党を支持していました。しかし、ガザ戦争をめぐるキア・スターマーの発言に反発し、2023年に労働党を離党したことを明らかにしています。そして現在は、ザック・ポランスキーが率いる Green Party を支持しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">自由市場は本当に存在するのか？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22499" style="width:510px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tina Park</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず「資本主義」という言葉を聞いて、多くの人が思い浮べるのが「<strong>自由市場</strong>」です。<br><br><br><br>そして、その考え方は、基本的に&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>国家ができるだけ介入せず、個人事業主や家族経営などの商店、中小企業、大企業などの参加者が自由に競争できる市場</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>を指します。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この競争によって、より良い商品やサービス、技術革新 (イノベーション)が生まれ、消費者もより豊かで快適な暮らしを享受できるというのが、多くの人がイメージする資本主義ではないでしょうか？<br><br><br><br>つまり&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">資本主義  ➡︎  自由市場  ➡︎  競争  ➡︎  豊かさと自由</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という形だったのですが&#8230; <br><br><br>資本主義の政策が、1980年以降にイギリスのマーガレット・サッチャー首相やアメリカのロナルド・レーガン大統領によって、<strong>新自由主義</strong>（ネオリベラリズム）に移行した結果、上のような構造が崩れてしまいました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ちなみに、この新自由主義とは&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>市場の自由競争を重視し、その実現のために政府が規制緩和や民営化、制度改革を進める一方、市場の取引や競争にはできるだけ介入しない</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という現代的な政策思想です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>一見すると新自由主義は、「国家（政府）の介入を減らし、市場に任せる思想」のように見えます。<br><br><br>しかしブレイクリーさんによると、実際には国家の介入がなくなったわけではなく、むしろ、その介入は巨大企業や金融機関に有利な市場環境を作るために利用されるようになったのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>これによって巨大企業は政府から補助金を受けたり、2008年の金融危機で見られたように、過度なリスクを取った金融機関や銀行が崩壊の危機に陥った際には、国民の税金によって救済されたりしてきました。</strong><br><br><br>また、ロビー活動を通じて政治家や政策決定に影響を与え、自らに有利な制度や規制緩和を実現する力も持っています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼女が本の中で引用しているアメリカの経済学者ソースタイン・ヴェブレンの言葉を借りれば</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The competitive process naturally creates incentives to try to change the rules to one&#8217;s own advantage.&nbsp;</strong><br><br>「競争が続くと、人々は自分に有利になるようにルールそのものを変えようとするようになる。」</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>となります。<br><br><br><br>こうなってくると、現代の資本主義では、国家と巨大企業の権力によって運営されることとなり、約束された「自由な競争市場」は存在しないことになります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">新自由主義  ➡︎  規制緩和  ➡︎  巨大企業の成長  ➡︎  市場支配  ➡︎  政治への影響力の拡大</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という流れが生まれ、結果として経済格差が拡大するシステムになってしまった、とブレイクリーは指摘しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そして彼女は、「自由市場」という言葉そのものが、公平なルールのもとで自由な競争が行われているかのようなイメージを与え、この現実を見えにくくしていると主張しているのです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">資本の力に適切な歯止めをかける</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22508" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555879636381313;width:499px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Leonhard_Niederwimmer</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">資本主義とは&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>生産手段を所有する資本家と、その生産手段を持たず労働力を提供して生計を立てる労働者との階級的な分離によって成り立つ社会制度。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、商品やサービスを生み出すために必要な資源や生産手段を所有する側と、それらを持たないために働くことで生活を支える側との関係が根本的な特徴となっているわけです。<br><br><br><br>しかし、1980年代に新自由主義的な政策が導入されて以来、企業利益や株主価値の最大化がこれまで以上に重視されるようになり、その結果、資本主義の仕組みそのものが社会全体にとって必ずしも望ましい結果を生み出さなくなったととブレイクリーさんは指摘しています。<br><br><br>その代表例として挙げられているのが、巨大企業による労働者の搾取や環境負荷の増大、そして市場の寡占化です。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹労働者への影響 ― Amazonの労働環境</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">例えば、世界最大級のプラットフォーム企業であるAmazon。<br><br><br>本書によれば、イギリスのAmazonの倉庫では、従業員たちは午前7時30分から午後6時まで働くなかで、平均して9秒ごとに1個の荷物を処理することが求められているといいます。<br><br><br>また、妊娠中に休暇を取得した女性従業員が不利益な扱いを受けたという事例や、労働者が団結して権利を主張しようとする動きを企業側が阻止しようとしていた事例も紹介されています。&nbsp;<br><br><br>こうした事例は、効率性や利益の追求が労働者の健康や権利よりも優先されてしまう危険性を示しています。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹環境への影響 ― 大量廃棄とCO₂排出</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さらに僕が特に衝撃を受けたのが、Amazonによる大量廃棄の問題です。<br><br><br><br>本書によると、<strong>Amazonは売れ残ったテレビやスマートフォンなどの新品商品を毎年何百万点も廃棄している</strong>とされています。<br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">実際にスコットランドの倉庫では、内部資料から1週間で12万点以上の商品が廃棄対象となっていたことが報じられ、週によっては20万点近くに達したともいわれています。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>当然ながら、こうした商品の製造から輸送、そして廃棄に至るまでの過程では大量のエネルギーが消費され、多くの温室効果ガスが排出されます。</strong><br><br><br>Amazon自身の発表によると、2021年の温室効果ガス排出量は二酸化炭素換算で7,154万トンに達し、前の年の排出量から18％増加。<br><br><br>もしAmazonを一つの国家として考えるとすると、その排出量は人口約5,300万人のケニア一国に匹敵する規模となります。<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹農業・食料システムの寡占化</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんが問題視しているのは、個々の企業の行動だけではありません。<br><br>企業の買収や合併が繰り返された結果、農業や食料システムの重要な部分が少数の巨大企業によって支配されるようになっていることも指摘しています。<br><br><br>種子や農薬、肥料といった農業には欠かせない分野では、<strong>Bayer</strong>、<strong>Corteva</strong>、<strong>Syngenta</strong>、<strong>BASF</strong>といったごく少数の巨大企業に市場が独占されていて、その結果として競争が弱まり、食料供給の安定性や農家の選択肢が損なわれるリスクが高まっていると言われています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">本来、新自由主義は自由な競争によって効率性や豊かさを実現するとされてきました。しかし現実には、競争の結果として巨大企業がさらに巨大化し、市場そのものを支配するようになるという皮肉な状況が生まれているのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>だからこそブレイクリー氏は、市場を完全に国家へ委ねるのでも、企業に好き勝手に任せるのでもなく、巨大化した資本の力に民主的な歯止めをかける仕組みが必要だと主張しているのです。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">「株主価値の最大化」がすべてを変えた</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22524" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555795614129848;width:495px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Benjamin Behre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんはまた、1980年代から新自由主義が浸透して以来、多くの企業が長期的な成長や働く人々の生活を支えることよりも、株主への利益還元を優先するようになったと言っています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その象徴的な例として本の中で取り上げられているのが、アメリカの自動車メーカーである Ford Motor Company。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">かつてFordは、多くの労働者を雇いながら車を生産するアメリカを代表する製造業でした。しかし近年では金融事業の比重が高まり、企業の目的も「良い車をつくること」より「株主へ利益を還元すること」に傾いていったと彼女は指摘しています。実際、2012年から2020年にかけては純利益の100％を株主へ還元していたといいます。<br><br><br>もちろん株主への利益の還元は、企業にとって重要な役割の一つです。<br><br><br><strong>しかし、それが最優先事項になると、設備への投資や研究開発、働く人たちへの投資に十分なお金が回らなくなる危険性があります。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>さらに本の冒頭では、航空機メーカーのBoeingの事例も紹介されています。<br><br><br>利益や株価を優先するあまり、安全性への配慮が軽視され、その結果として重大な事故につながった例が書かれています。しかも事故の後も、責任を負うのは会社であって、意思決定をした経営陣個人が刑事責任を問われることはほとんどありません。<br><br><br>彼女は、こうした現実こそが新自由主義の本質を示していると考えています。国家の力が弱まったのではなく、その力が労働者ではなく資本家や経営者の利益を守る方向へと使われるようになったというのです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">誰が世界のお金を動かしているのか</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22528" style="width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by van3ssa</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">自由市場では企業同士が競争している、と私たちは考えています。しかしブレイクリーさんは、その裏側ではごく少数の巨大資産運用会社が世界経済に大きな影響力を持つようになっていると指摘します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その代表的な例として本の中で書かれているのが、世界最大級の資産運用会社である<strong>BlackRock</strong>。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">BlackRockはAmazonやFordのように商品やサービスを提供する企業ではなく、年金基金や投資家から集めたお金を、世界中の企業に投資することで利益を上げる会社です。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その結果、スーパーで売られている食品会社からIT企業、製薬会社まで、一見すると何のつながりもない企業の背後で、<strong>同じ資産運用会社が大株主になっている</strong>ことも珍しくありません。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">彼女は、このような状況に対して「自由市場なのに、なぜ同じ企業が世界中の企業を支配しているのか」と問いかけます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">さらに興味深いのは、こうした資産運用会社が扱う資金の多くが、実は私たちの年金に関わるお金だということです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>年金基金は将来の年金を支払うために資金を運用しており、その運用をBlackRockのような会社に任せています。<br><br><br>つまり、私たちの老後のお金もまた、世界中の企業への投資を通じて増やされているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ということは、資産運用会社には常に高い利益が求められます。その結果、企業は労働コストの削減や株主への利益還元を優先しやすくなり、労働者や地域社会、環境への配慮が後回しになることもあると彼女は指摘しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">こうして経済における権力が、少数の巨大金融機関へと集中していきます。そして、その影響は企業経営だけでなく、政治や社会全体にも及んでいるというわけなのです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">中央銀行と金融市場の力関係</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22532" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556125326906312;width:510px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by moritz320</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>私たち一般人は、国を動かしているのは政府だと考えています。しかし、現代では金融市場や巨大金融機関の力が非常に大きくなって、政府でさえその動きを無視して政策を進めることが難しくなっていると、ブレイクリーさんは指摘しています。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、新自由主義の時代に国家の力が弱まったのではなく、むしろ世界のお金を動かす巨大な金融機関や投資家の力が、これまで以上に強くなったということになります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その象徴の一つが「<strong>中央銀行の独立</strong>」です。<br><br><br><br>もともと政治家は、選挙前に景気を良くして有権者の支持を得たいと考えるため、中央銀行に「金利を下げてほしい」「お金をもっとプリントしてほしい」と圧力をかけることがありました。<br><br><br>そこで1980年代以降、「金融政策は政治家ではなく、専門家が担うべきだ」という考え方が広まり、多くの国で中央銀行の独立が進められました。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>しかしブレイクリーさんは、この仕組みによって政治からは一定の距離を保つ一方で、金融市場や金融業界の考え方が政策に反映されやすくなったと指摘しています。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>例えば、金融危機などが起きた場合などは、銀行を救わないと経済が崩壊してしまうため、中央銀行は銀行を最優先で救済するようになり、「銀行が特別扱いされる」カタチが生まれてしまいます。<br><br><br>結果として、「失敗しても最後は助けてもらえる」という安心感が金融機関に生まれ、リスクの高い行動をとりやすくなるわけです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そうなってくると、政府は金融市場がどう反応するかを常に気にしながら政策を決めるようになり、その結果、利益は金融業界に集中し、損失やリスクを社会全体が負担することで、格差が拡大していきます。<br><br><br>民主的に選ばれた政府であっても、市場の反発を恐れ、自由に政策を実行しにくい社会ができてしまうということになります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">IMFと世界銀行は誰のために存在するのか？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22535" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555969454274539;width:522px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus-krisetya</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さらにブレイクリーさんは、新自由主義の影響は発展途上国にも及んだと指摘しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その例として紹介されているのがアフリカのザンビア。<br><br><br>銅価格の暴落で、輸出収入が激減したところに、アメリカが大幅な利上げをしたため、ドル建ての債務を抱えていたザンビアに、利息払いの負担が急増します。<br><br><br><br>この債務危機をきっかけに、<strong>世界銀行</strong>や<strong>IMF</strong>が「お金は貸しますよ。ただし条件があります。」と詰め寄ってきたわけですが、これが<strong>SAPs</strong> (<strong>structural adjustment programs</strong>）と呼ばれるものでした。<br><br><br><br>SAPsの目的は、経済を効率化して財政赤字を減らし、海外からの投資を呼び込んで経済成長を促進することでしたが、その内容はというと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">■ 政府支出の削減（緊縮財政）<br>■ 国営企業の民営化<br>■ 規制緩和<br>■ 貿易の自由化<br>■ 補助金の削減</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と、どこかで目にしたことがあるパターンです。<br><br><br><br>これによって、教育や医療への政府支出が削減され、一般市民の生活は悪化。失業や貧困が拡大するとともに、地元産業は海外企業との競争に耐えられなくなり、その結果、先進国や国際金融機関への依存が一層深まることになってしまいました。<br><br><br><br><strong>このような経過を経て、海外の企業が発展途上国に進出し、低賃金かつ危険な肉体労働を伴う搾取的な雇用が増加して、そのような労働が先進国におけるサービス業の拡大を支えてきたという構図になっているのです。</strong><br><br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">ブレイクリーさんが提案する解決策</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22541" style="width:518px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんは、問題は「市場」があることではなく、世界のお金を動かす巨大な金融機関や投資家が、大きな力を持ちすぎてしまったことだと考えています。そして大切なのは、このような仕組みに民主的なルールを取り戻すことだと主張しています。<br><br><br><br>この章で特に印象的だったのが &#8220;Lucas Plan&#8221; と呼ばれる取り組み。1970年代のイギリスで、軍事関連の企業の労働者たちが自ら武器の代わりに、風力発電や医療機器など、社会にとって役に立つ製品を生産する計画を提案した記録が紹介されています。<br><br><br><br>また彼女は、新しいテクノロジーの開発は巨大企業や一部の富を握るもの達によって支配されているため、そのテクノロジーも利益を生み出すことが優先されやすくなっていると指摘しています。そして、民主的な社会を実現するには、テクノロジーも一部の富裕層のためではなく、市民全体の利益のために活用されるべきだと主張しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そのためには、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>私たち一人ひとりが、政治とは選挙だけではないと認識する事が大切です。同僚と団結して賃上げを要求すること、気候危機に抗議すること、さらには地域の図書館を守るために近隣の人々と力を合わせることも政治への参加なのだと理解する必要がある</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と彼女は述べています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ブレイクリーさんは、最大の障害は一部の富裕層の圧倒的な力ではなく、「<strong>変化など不可能だ</strong>」と何百万人もの人たちが信じ込んでしまっていることだと指摘しています。だからこそ私たちに必要なのは、その思い込みを手放して周りの人たちとつながり、小さな行動を積み重ねながら、「社会は変えられる」という可能性を取り戻していくことなのではないでしょうか。<br><br><br><br><br>&#8230; というわけで以上となります。<br><br><br>この本の内容には、現代社会の危機を把握し、格差社会の拡大や気候変動を解決するために、まず理解しておかなければならない知識が詰まっています。<br><br><br>１ページ、１ページ、かなりヘヴィーですが、この本をたくさんの人が手に取って読んでくれたなら、人類が抱えている問題は解決に向かうだろうと心から思いました。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism-english/">Vulture Capitalism Explained: BlackRock, Neoliberalism and the Fight to Reclaim Democracy</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Climate Justice Explained: How the Poor Suffer While the Rich Thrive</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Aug 2025 08:20:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21519</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Discover how climate change hits the poorest hardest, while wealthier nations stay protected.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In this article, I will be introducing<em>&nbsp;&#8216;<strong>Climate Justice</strong>&#8216;</em>, written by <strong>Mary Robinson</strong>, who served as the 7th President of the Republic of Ireland and also as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="181" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21461" style="width:217px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon UK</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Climate change is happening because of the comfortable lifestyles we enjoy in developed countries, yet many people are still unaware of this fact.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Even if people know about it, they’re so used to a life of comfort that the issue no longer feels personal, so they don’t feel any real sense of danger or responsibility.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>The purpose of this book is to make us realise how our way of living is causing serious harm to those in developing countries who are least responsible for climate change, through the personal stories of those directly affected.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>It’s essential reading for anyone living in the developed world.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-3"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-3">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Mary Robinson?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">The Meaning of Climate Justice</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Voices from the Ground</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">A Message for Those Living in Developed Countries</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Mary Robinson?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="259" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/mary-robinson.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21464" style="width:226px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start by introducing the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Mary Robinson</strong> was Ireland’s 7th President and later took on the role of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>More than just a politician or diplomat, she stands out as a pioneering leader who bridges human rights and climate change, and as a member of The Elders—the group founded by Nelson Mandela—she has dedicated herself to promoting the vital concept of &#8216;climate justice&#8217;, the very theme of this book.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">The Meaning of Climate Justice</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21466" style="width:576px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by oleksandr-sushko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The idea of &#8220;<strong>climate justice</strong>&#8221; is that&#8230; </p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">While developing countries contribute very little to global greenhouse gas emissions, they are the ones facing the most severe and even life-threatening consequences of climate change.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>It’s about correcting this unfair reality!<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Since 1850, more than half of all CO₂ emissions have come from the United States and the European Union, while Africa as a whole has contributed only a small percentage.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>People who live modestly without air conditioning, cars, or much electricity—relying on traditional wisdom and maintaining a “give and take” relationship with nature—are now losing their homes and harvests to droughts and floods, facing life-threatening risks, all because developed countries have continued to emit greenhouse gases for the sake of their own convenience.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Meanwhile, those of us living in developed countries—who have consumed vast resources with a “take, take, take” mentality—are protected by systems such as flood defenses and insurance schemes, which allow us to shield ourselves from much of the damage.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In other words, those who have contributed the least to the problem suffer the most, while those most responsible are the ones best protected.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This injustice is at the very heart of climate justice, and it is the point that Mary Robinson is urging people everywhere to understand.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>By refusing to face the true causes of climate change, we often see protecting the lives of people in developing countries as a matter of “charity”.<br>But it is not charity—it is about taking responsibility for what we ourselves have done.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">Voices from the Ground</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21468" style="width:564px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by utunzaji-wa-mazingira</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Here, I’ve chosen three voices that resonated with me most deeply and briefly highlighted their messages.</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹Constance (Uganda)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In regions where basic infrastructure is lacking, women already spend much of their time fetching water, working in the fields, and taking care of household tasks, leaving little room for rest. Climate change has made their lives even harder.<br><br><br>Here’s how Constance from Uganda describes it&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In the past, the rains used to come at the same time every year, and we never had to worry about food. But now, water has become scarce. We must fetch it at midnight and wait in long queues at the well.<br><br>Crops are often stolen, domestic violence has risen, and women are forced to go further and further in search of water and firewood.<br><br><br><strong>Eventually, droughts and floods destroy everything we grow, leaving our families on the brink of starvation.</strong><br><br><br>It was only when I attended an Oxfam meeting that I first learned the term &#8216;climate change&#8217;. I felt deep sorrow when I realised that the excessive emissions from rich countries were disrupting our seasons.<br><br><br><strong>We are all human beings, and we should be friends. Yet while they live in comfort, we are left to suffer and even die from droughts and floods.</strong><br><br><br>Why is this happening? And will they truly take steps to reduce their emissions?</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>Patricia (Alaska)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As global temperatures rise, the ice in Alaska is melting. Once the ground is exposed, it absorbs heat, which causes even more ice to melt.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Eighty-five percent of Alaskans live along the coast, where the land beneath them is eroding and collapsing. Entire communities are facing destruction right before their eyes.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Patricia Cochran, an Alaska Native who has worked for more than thirty years with communities throughout Alaska and the Arctic to confront climate-related challenges, describes the situation as follows&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Historically, Alaska experienced long and severe winters, with only a brief summer season.<br><br>Now, winters come late, springs arrive early, <strong>and when I return home, the endless ice fields of my childhood have vanished—what I see instead is the shimmer of open water.</strong><br><br>The decline of ice has brought widespread erosion and flooding, and the permafrost is breaking down.<br><br><br>Permafrost—the frozen ground that has supported Alaska’s land for thousands of years—is now melting. <strong>As it thaws, Native homes sink and eventually collapse into the sea.</strong><br><br><br>With the loss of sea ice, the natural barrier that once protected us from storms is gone, leaving bare soil exposed and vulnerable to relentless coastal erosion.<br><br><br>The melting ice also makes traditional fishing and hunting nearly impossible. <strong>Today, we face the grave reality of &#8216;losing our homeland&#8217;.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹Anote Tong, Former President  (Kiribati</strong>)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Republic of Kiribati is made up of small islands in the Pacific, standing just two meters above the sea.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Rising sea levels, driven by global warming, pose an existential threat to the nation, with the very real possibility that the entire country could be submerged and effectively disappear.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Former President Anote Tong has spoken candidly about this looming crisis&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">I have repeatedly appealed at international conferences, saying,&nbsp;<em>“If nothing changes, our nation will sink into the sea”</em>.  But my voice was ignored, drowned out by powerful countries that place their own interests first.<br><br><br><strong>It feels as though the leaders of wealthy nations—who built their economies on fossil fuels—have effectively signed a death warrant for Kiribati.</strong><br><br><br>A crushing sense of helplessness overwhelms me, leaving me with unbearable grief.<br><br><br><strong>If our islands go under, we will be forced to scatter as “climate refugees” in other countries.</strong><br><br><br>To lose our country is to lose far more than land: it is to lose our culture, our traditions, and the identity we have inherited from our ancestors.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">A Message for Those Living in Developed Countries</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21472" style="width:582px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jon Tyson</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Reading <em>『Climate Justice』</em> convinced me that, in the end, people who are geographically fortunate or who happen to possess wealth and power often become increasingly blind to the world around them as they pursue their own interests.<br><br><br><br>I came to think that, over time, people become indifferent to those around them. Since what they receive feels as if it simply appears on its own, they lose the ability to recognise the hardship and suffering of others, until ultimately everything is treated as if it has nothing to do with them.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, even if you live in a developed country and belong to a lower-than-average economic class, feeling disadvantaged within your own society, your basic living conditions are still secured, and you have access to clean drinking water.<br><br><br>Meanwhile, abroad, there are people suffering from drought, forced to drink the same muddy water as their livestock. Yet, because you see the world only through the lens of your own country, it’s hard to picture what that really means.<br><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">But the idea that&nbsp;<em>“I’ll be okay as long as I look after myself”</em>&nbsp;simply doesn’t work.<br>The truth is, we all live together on the same planet.<br>And in the end, none of us can run away from what’s coming.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>When it comes to climate change, it’s not <em>if</em> people will suffer from floods or hunger—it’s just a matter of whether it hits the poorer first and the richer later.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Without “give and take”, disaster is inevitable.<br><br><br><strong>If we’ve taken too much, we must give back!</strong><br><br><br><br>Even a small step counts—let’s start taking action today.<br><br><br><br>Bye now,<br><br>konkzaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice/">気候正義とは？メアリー・ロビンソンが語る人権×環境の本当の意味</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>気候正義とは？メアリー・ロビンソンが語る人権×環境の本当の意味</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 19:09:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21460</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[洪水、干ばつ、飢餓の影にあるのは「不平等」という現実。
メアリー・ロビンソンの語る「気候正義」がいま注目されています。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">今回は、アイルランド共和国の第7代大統領であり、国連人権高等弁務官としても活躍した<strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんの著書&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>Climate Justice</strong>(＝気候正義)&#8221;&nbsp;</em>を紹介します。<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="181" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21461" style="width:215px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon UK</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>気候変動は、先進国に暮らす私たちの豊かな生活が原因で進んでいるのに、その事実に気づいていない人がまだ多くいます。<br><br><br>また、気づいていたとしても、便利さに慣れすぎてしまい、どこか「自分ごと」ではなくなってしまっているため、気候変動に対する危機感や責任を感じることができない状態になってしまっているのが現実です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>この本の目的は、私たちの暮らしが原因で、気候変動に最も責任のない途上国の人々が深刻な被害を受けている現実を、現地の人々の生の声を通して私たちに気づかせることです。</strong><br><br><br><br>先進国に住むすべての人たちが読まなければならない本です。<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-4"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-4">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Climate Justice (気候正義) の意味</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">具体的な現地の人たちの声</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>先進国に暮らす私たちへのメッセージ</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="259" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/mary-robinson.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21464" style="width:224px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんは、アイルランド共和国の第7代大統領を務めた後、国連人権高等弁務官として国際舞台で活躍した人物。<br><br><br>彼女は、単なる政治家や外交官にとどまらず、「人権」と「気候変動」を結びつけて語る先駆的なリーダーとして知られ、ネルソン・マンデラが設立した「The Elders」のメンバーとして国際的に活動し、今回の本のタイトルでもある「<strong>気候正義</strong>」の重要性を広め続けています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Climate Justice (気候正義) の意味</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21466" style="width:580px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by oleksandr-sushko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、「<strong>気候正義</strong>」&nbsp;とは、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">先進国に比べて温室効果ガスの排出の責任がほとんどない途上国の人々が、気候変動によって命を脅かされるほどの被害を受けている。この理不尽な状況を正していこう！</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という考え方です。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>1850年以降に出されたCO₂のうち、アメリカとEUで50％以上を占めているのに対し、アフリカ全体はわずか数％にすぎません。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>エアコンもない、車もない、電気もわずかしか使わないけど、伝統的な知恵を生かし、自然に対して「ギブ＆テイク」の姿勢を貫いて慎ましく生活してきた人々が、先進国が後先を考えずに自分たちの便利のために温室効果ガスを出し続けた結果、干ばつや洪水で家や収穫を失い、命の危険にさらされています。<br><br><br><br>一方で、「テイク・テイク・テイク」で膨大な資源を消費してきた先進国に住む私たちは、堤防や保険制度といった仕組みに守られ、被害からある程度自分たちの身を守ることができる。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、最も害を出していない人が最も悲惨な思いをし、最も害を出している人が守られている。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>この理不尽さこそが気候正義の核心であり、ロビンソンさんが多くの人に理解してほしいと訴えている点です。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>気候変動の原因を直視しようとしない私たちは、途上国の人々の生活を守ることを単なる「チャリティー」のように捉えがちですが、そうではなく、自分たちのしてきたことに責任を取る姿勢で臨まなければなりません。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">具体的な現地の人たちの声</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21468" style="width:564px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by utunzaji-wa-mazingira</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここではとりあえず、たくさんの声の中から個人的に心に突き刺さった３人の証言を選んで、簡単にまとめてフィーチャーしています。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>コンスタンスさん（ウガンダ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>生活基盤が十分に整っていない地域では、女性たちは井戸へ水をくみに行ったり、畑仕事や家事に追われ、もともと休む暇がありません。ところが、気候変動によって彼女たちの生活はさらに厳しさを増しています。<br><br><br><br>例えば、ウガンダのコンスタンスさんは、こう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">以前は雨が毎年同じ時期に降り、食べ物に困ることはありませんでした。だけど今は、水が少なくなり、真夜中に水くみに行って井戸で列ばなければなりません。<br><br>作物が盗まれることもあり、家庭内暴力も増え、女性たちは水や薪を求めてどんどん遠くまで行かなければなりません。<br><br><br><strong>そして最終的には、干ばつや洪水で作物が全滅し、家族は飢餓の危機に直面しています</strong>。<br><br><br>その後、Oxfam（貧困と不正をなくすために活動する国際的なNGO）のミーティングに出席して、初めて「気候変動」という言葉を知りました。<br><br><br>先進国の過剰な排出が私たちの季節を狂わせていると知ったとき、とても悲しくなりました。<br><br><br><strong>私たちは同じ人間であり、友人であるはずなのに、一方で彼らは快適に暮らし、私たちは干ばつや洪水で死ぬ思いをしている</strong>。<br><br><br>なぜこんなことをするのか、そして排出を減らしてくれるつもりがあるのかを私は知りたい。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>パトリシアさん（アラスカ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>地球規模での気温上昇によって氷が溶けると、露出した地面が放射を吸収し、さらに多くの氷を溶かしてしまいます。アラスカの人々は、その85％が沿岸部に住んでいて、地盤が溶け崩れていくなかで、自らの集落が目前に迫る破壊に直面しています。<br><br><br><br>自身もアラスカ先住民で、30年以上にわたり、アラスカや北極圏のコミュニティとともに気候変動の被害に対応してきたパトリシア・コクランは、こう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">かつて冬は長く厳しく、夏はほんのわずかしかありませんでした。<br><br>しかし時を経るごとに、冬の訪れは遅れ、春への移行は早まり、<strong>いま私が故郷を訪れると、広大な氷原は消え去り、代わりにきらめく海が広がっています。</strong><br><br><br>深刻なのは、氷の減少によって広範囲で激しい侵食や洪水が起こり、さらに永久凍土の劣化が進んでいることです。<br><br><br>永久凍土は、アラスカの大地を数千年にわたり支えてきた凍った地層です。<br><br><br><strong>この基盤が溶けると、先住民の家々は沈み、やがて海へと倒れ込んでしまいます。</strong><br><br><br>海氷が減少すれば、嵐から守ってくれていた自然の防波堤を失い、露出した土壌はむき出しとなって、海は容赦なく陸地を侵食していきます。<br><br><br>氷が解けることで漁や狩猟といった伝統的な暮らしは成り立たなくなり、<strong>私たちはいま</strong>「<strong>故郷を失う危機</strong>」<strong>に直面しています</strong>。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹アノテ・トン元大統領（キリバス）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">太平洋に浮かぶキリバス共和国は、海抜わずか2メートルの小さな島々の国。<br><br><br>ここでは、温暖化による海面上昇によって国全体が沈む危険にさらされていて、国がまるごと消滅する可能性があるのです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アノテ・トン元大統領はこう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">私は、国際会議の場で繰り返し「このままでは私たちの国が海に沈む」と訴えてきましたが、その声は、自国の利益を優先する大国に無視される結果として終わりました。<br><br><br><strong>これは、化石燃料によって経済を築いてきた先進国の指導者たちが、キリバスの死刑判決に署名したも同然です。</strong><br><br><br>故郷を守れない無力感が襲い、全くやりきれない思いになりました。<br><br><br><strong>もし海に沈めば、私たちは</strong>「<strong>気候難民</strong>」<strong>として他国に散り散りにならざるを得ないのです。</strong><br><br><br>国を失うというのは、私たちの文化、伝統、祖先から受け継いできたアイデンティティそのものが消えると同じです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>先進国に暮らす私たちへのメッセージ</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21472" style="width:586px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jon Tyson</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この「気候正義」を読んで確信したのは、結局のところ、たまたま地理的にラッキーな場所に生まれたり、ラッキーなことに富を握ることができた強者は、自分たちの欲を追求すればするほど、少しずつ周りが見えなくなっていくということです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">やがて周りがどうでもよくなり、自分が得るものも、まるでどこかから勝手に湧いてきたかのように手に入ってしまうため、人の苦労や痛みがわからなくなり、最終的にはすべてが他人事になってしまうのだと思いました。<br><br><br><br>例えば、あなたが先進国に住んでいて、経済的には平均より下の階層に属していたとして、社会の中で弱者として不幸を感じていても、生活基盤は整っていて、きれいな水を飲むことができます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">一方で、国外には干ばつで水不足が続き、家畜と同じ泥水を飲まざるを得ない人々がいても、自分の国のレベルでしか物事を見られないので、そうした現実を想像することはできません。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><br>けれども、「自分さえ良ければそれでいい」という考えは通用しません。<br><br>結局のところ、私たち人類は同じひとつの惑星に住んでいるのです。<br><br>最終的に誰も逃げ切ることはできません！<br><br></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>気候変動によって洪水に巻き込まれたり、食糧不足で辛い思いをするのが「先にくるか後にくるか」という違いがあるだけです。</strong><br><br><br></p>



<!-- START MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink --><script type="text/javascript">(function(b,c,f,g,a,d,e){b.MoshimoAffiliateObject=a;b[a]=b[a]||function(){arguments.currentScript=c.currentScript||c.scripts[c.scripts.length-2];(b[a].q=b[a].q||[]).push(arguments)};c.getElementById(a)||(d=c.createElement(f),d.src=g,d.id=a,e=c.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],e.appendChild(d))})(window,document,"script","//dn.msmstatic.com/site/cardlink/bundle.js?20220329","msmaflink");msmaflink({"n":"Climate Justice: A Man-Made Problem With a Feminist Solution (English Edition)","b":"","t":"","d":"https:\/\/m.media-amazon.com","c_p":"","p":["\/images\/I\/51e2z4HaL0L._SL500_.jpg"],"u":{"u":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B07C7HLCS7","t":"amazon","r_v":""},"v":"2.1","b_l":[{"id":1,"u_tx":"Amazonで見る","u_bc":"#f79256","u_url":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B07C7HLCS7","a_id":3001644,"p_id":170,"pl_id":27060,"pc_id":185,"s_n":"amazon","u_so":1},{"id":2,"u_tx":"楽天市場で見る","u_bc":"#f76956","u_url":"https:\/\/search.rakuten.co.jp\/search\/mall\/Climate%20Justice%3A%20A%20Man-Made%20Problem%20With%20a%20Feminist%20Solution%20(English%20Edition)\/","a_id":2996345,"p_id":54,"pl_id":27059,"pc_id":54,"s_n":"rakuten","u_so":2},{"id":3,"u_tx":"Yahoo!ショッピングで見る","u_bc":"#66a7ff","u_url":"https:\/\/shopping.yahoo.co.jp\/search?first=1\u0026p=Climate%20Justice%3A%20A%20Man-Made%20Problem%20With%20a%20Feminist%20Solution%20(English%20Edition)","a_id":3001643,"p_id":1225,"pl_id":27061,"pc_id":1925,"s_n":"yahoo","u_so":3}],"eid":"JzHlL","s":"s"});</script><div id="msmaflink-JzHlL">リンク</div><!-- MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink END -->



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>「ギブ＆テイク」をやらなければ、破滅に向かうのは目に見えています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>テイクをしすぎたのであれば、ギブバックをやらなくてはいけません！</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>小さな一歩でも良いので、今日からアクション始めましょう。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice-english/">Climate Justice Explained: How the Poor Suffer While the Rich Thrive</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2025 07:25:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21323</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What exactly is populism, and why does it matter? This concise guide breaks down Jan-Werner Müller’s insights on populism and its impact on democracy.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In this article, I will be introducing <em>&#8216;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em>, a book by <strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong>, a German-born political philosopher and scholar of the history of political thought.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="176" height="287" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21239" style="width:220px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I think the first time I heard the word “<strong>populism</strong>” was around the time of Brexit.<br><br><br>Back then, right-wing politicians had already been draining wealth from the working class through austerity measures. Then, in order to win elections, they brought up immigration issues to divide the working class, presenting themselves as “on the side of the people” and winning over a portion of them. I saw this kind of strategy — used by figures like Nigel Farage — as a clear example of populism.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>However, in 2025, with even the Labour Party having shifted to the right, it feels as though the only party still truly standing on the left for the interests of workers is the Green Party.<br>So I began supporting them&#8230; and then suddenly, Zack Polanski, running for party leader, says, “I’m an <strong>Eco-Populist</strong>”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I actually think the policies he’s talking about make perfect sense.<br><br><br><strong>Still, the word </strong>“<strong>populist</strong>”<strong> just sounds negative to me.</strong><br><br><br><br>That’s why I bought this book — to try and make sense of my conflicting thoughts.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The book does feel a bit challenging at times, since it covers a lot of historical politicians and events. But as you keep reading, you really start to understand what “populist” means.<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-5"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-5">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">What exactly is populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">How can we deal with populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21245" style="width:341px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start with the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong> is a German-born political theorist and scholar, internationally recognised for his work on modern European political thought, populism, and democratic institutions.<br>He frequently contributes to major media outlets such as&nbsp;<em>The Guardian</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>The New York Times</em>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Among his major works are <em>&#8216;<strong>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe</strong>&#8216; </em>and <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em>.<br><br><br><br>In the book we’re looking at today — <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em> — Müller clearly explains how populism manipulates democratic systems and can sometimes lead to destructive outcomes.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">What exactly is populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21254" style="width:543px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term “<strong>populism</strong>” often comes up in the news — <strong>but what exactly does it mean?</strong><br><br><br> I’ve tried to figure it out, but it’s confusing. <br><br><br>Some so-called populists sound like a danger to society, yet sometimes those fighting against them get called populists too&#8230;<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Liberal elites often stir up anti-foreigner sentiment to win over people frustrated by economic inequality — using slogans like &#8216;kick out the foreigners!&#8217;.<br>But rather than genuinely responding to public demands, they continue to advance <strong>liberal technocracy</strong>, a system that deliberately sidelines the will of the people.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populism is often seen both as a threat to the liberal elite-driven politics that have distanced &#8216;the people&#8217; from democracy, and as a way to correct that very problem.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>At the end of the day, in a democracy, leaders are chosen through elections — so naturally, politicians try to win people over by telling stories that most citizens can understand and relate to.</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because of this situation, populism is seen both as a friend and an enemy of democracy. As a result, we’re left struggling with how to define it clearly.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Especially since the idea of populism is understood in totally opposite ways in the US and Europe, I think it’s worth clearing that up here.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>In the U.S.</strong><br>In the U.S., populism often carries a positive image. It’s widely seen as the “voice of ordinary people” standing up to big corporations and entrenched elites — symbolised by grassroots movements. Many regard it as a genuine effort to bring the voices of the marginalised into politics, and as a step towards achieving true democracy.<br><br>▪️<strong>In Europe</strong><br>Populism tends to have a pretty negative reputation. It is regarded as a kind of politics that manipulates public anger, ignores complex realities, and wins votes through empty promises — in short, a demagogic style of politics. Because of this, populism is often seen as a threat to democratic integrity.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>According to the author, Jan-Werner Müller, the core claim of populism is “<strong>moralised anti-pluralism</strong>”.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In simpler terms, it’s the belief that there is only one true common good, that the people both understand and desire it, and that politicians or parties can directly implement it as policy.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>A politician who does not hold this belief cannot be called a populist.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Populists always say things like, &#8216;<strong>We’re the only ones who truly represent the real people</strong>&#8216;, and they tend to push out anyone with different opinions or from minority groups by calling them &#8216;not real people&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In such a situation, if the populists’ sense of morality is distorted and the public is politically apathetic or complacent, people may blindly follow their angry rhetoric and end up suffering the consequences.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>To put it bluntly, populism rejects the essential democratic values of pluralism and political competition, and may threaten to destroy democracy from the inside.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21253" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These days, a lot of people around the world seem to be losing trust in democracy.<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But it’s not that people have come to dislike democracy itself — rather, they feel that democracy, shaped by neoliberalism and consumer-driven competition, no longer works in their favour.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populist governments can present themselves as defenders of diversity and minority rights, positioning themselves in opposition to hegemonic liberalism.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">They skillfully connect their moral worldview with public discontent, thereby securing majority support in elections.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Once populists gain power, they tend to exclude those with differing opinions or minority groups, as they are fundamentally &#8216;<strong>anti-pluralist</strong>&#8216;, as previously mentioned.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So in that sense, populists are often seen as successors to the Jacobins — the radical political group from the French Revolution.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Here’s what can actually happen&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">① <strong>Strengthen executive power while weakening the judiciary</strong><br><br>They often appoint their own people to courts and prosecutors&#8217; offices, effectively neutralising checks and balances.<br><br><br>② <strong>Amend the constitution and use it as a tool to replace existing public officials</strong><br><br>Under the pretext of &#8220;cleansing&#8221;, they replace existing public officials.<br><br><br>③ <strong>Turn political parties and state institutions into personal property</strong><br><br>They label critics as “traitors” or “enemies of the people” and push them out.<br><br><br>④ <strong>Elections continue in form but lose substance</strong><br><br>With media under control and opponents harassed, voting is no longer truly free or fair.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, populists come to power through democratic means, but afterwards, they use undemocratic methods to dismantle institutions and strengthen their own rule.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="307" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21242" style="width:460px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev-300x181.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s take a look at some typical examples of populists.</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸 Donald Trump<strong>（<strong>The U.S.</strong>）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Previously, even when the media or opposition parties criticised the government, they were still seen as essential components of democracy. But when Trump began calling unfavourable media coverage &#8216;fake news&#8217; and labeling opposing politicians as &#8216;anti-American&#8217;, the shared understanding of what counts as fact started to break down among the public.<br><br>▫️Instead of choosing public officials or judges based on &#8216;competence&#8217; and &#8216;experience&#8217;, they appoint only those who show personal loyalty — and anyone who dares to disagree gets pushed out, no matter how capable they are.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️When facing possible election defeat, they repeatedly claim &#8216;fraud&#8217; or &#8216;manipulation&#8217; without any evidence, undermining public trust in elections — the very foundation of democracy.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 <strong>Viktor Orbán (Hungary)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️The media used to be able to criticise the government, but once he came to power, newspapers and TV stations that didn&#8217;t align with the government&#8217;s views were bought out or shut down. As a result, the public had fewer chances to learn what was really happening, and the flow of information became heavily biased.<br><br>▫️Courts used to be able to make decisions without government interference. But the Orbán government appointed a large number of loyal judges, making sure that inconvenient rulings would no longer be issued. As a result, judicial independence was lost, and those in power could bend the rules without being held accountable.<br><br>▫️People with different views from the government — especially minorities — started being labeled as &#8216;traitors&#8217; or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, deepening social divisions.<br><br>▫️Before, a change in government meant rules and systems could go back to being neutral. But now the constitution and election laws have been rewritten, making it almost impossible for power to actually change hands.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 <strong>Jarosław Kaczyński (Poland)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️In the past, courts could make decisions without government interference. But when Kaczyński’s PiS party came to power, they stacked the Constitutional Court with their own allies, letting them bend the rules to suit themselves.<br><br>▫️Public broadcasters used to be relatively neutral. But since Kaczyński came to power, public TV and radio have mainly echoed the views of PiS, making it harder for opposition voices to reach the public.<br><br>▫️Everyone was meant to have the same rights, but then the government started calling LGBTQ+ people and immigrants a danger to Polish values, and suddenly hate became mainstream.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 <strong>Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Turkey)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Turkey used to have a parliamentary democracy with a functioning separation of powers. But Erdoğan expanded presidential powers through a referendum, creating a system where he can make decisions almost single-handedly.<br><br>▫️People used to be able to speak out against the government, but now Erdoğan uses the excuse of &#8216;fighting terrorism&#8217; to lock up or shut down critics. Free speech is basically disappearing.<br><br>▫️There used to be some political recognition for ethnic minorities, but Kurdish parties and local leaders have been arrested, and regions or groups that don’t comply with the government are now treated as &#8216;anti-state forces&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪 <strong>Hugo Chávez (Venezuela)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Although a democratic system existed, Chávez amended the constitution and consolidated control over the judiciary, military, and administration with loyalists, effectively personalising the state.<br><br>▫️Opposition parties and independent media used to operate freely, but their funding sources and broadcasters were shut down one after another, making it difficult to criticise the government and causing diverse opinions to disappear from the country.<br><br>▫️Support for the poor was limited but did exist initially. Chávez promised to expand state-led welfare programs to gain their support. However, because the economy relied heavily on oil, when prices dropped, the country quickly fell into crisis.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 <strong>Geert Wilders (Netherlands)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️ There used to be at least some respect for multiculturalism, but Wilders kept pushing anti-Islam messages and calling immigrants &#8216;enemies of the Netherlands&#8217;, which stirred up conflict between people.<br><br>▫️ Freedom of speech was relatively stable before, but Wilders attacked criticism of himself as “elite bias,” undermining trust in the media and causing people to get swept up in emotional stories.<br><br>*Although he hasn’t officially taken power, his influence on society as a populist is significant.<br><br><br>As you can see from these examples, there are some striking similarities among them.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">How can we deal with populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21256" style="width:516px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As you get to the second half of the book, the key differences between democracy and populism start to become clear.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Democracy is based on the idea that even though leaders are chosen by majority vote, the policies they implement won’t always reflect the will of the majority.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>Populism, on the other hand, claims that any action taken by a populist government must not be questioned, simply because &#8216;it’s what the people want</strong>&#8216;.<br><br><br><br>So then the real question is: how do we defend democracy? <br><br><br><br><br>Here’s a summary based on what the book suggests&#8230;</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Clearly distance ourselves and respond from a standpoint that upholds democratic principles</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you ignore populists’ discriminatory or provocative remarks, saying they’re &#8216;not worth engaging with&#8217;, they use this to portray themselves as victims.<br><br>When they claim &#8216;there are too many immigrants&#8217;, if other parties concede even a little by saying &#8216;there’s some truth to that&#8217;, it’s seen as proof they were right.<br><br><br>👉 So, ignoring them or giving in even slightly is not a good strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Drop the assumption that everything can be resolved through conversation</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because populists see only their supporters as &#8216;the people&#8217;, they call opponents &#8216;traitors&#8217;, &#8216;non-citizens&#8217;, &#8216;elites&#8217;, or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, excluding them from being considered part of the nation.<br><br>Democratic debate requires the assumption that there is some merit in the other side’s views, but populists refuse to accept anyone else as legitimate and ignore opposing voices from the start.<br><br><br>👉 With populists, we need to discard the assumption that “dialogue will lead to mutual understanding” and try a different strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Protect the systems that uphold democracy</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In democracy, even if the majority wins an election, the opinions and rights of minorities are still protected. In contrast, populists claim that &#8216;we are the entire nation&#8217; and believe that winning the election means they can do whatever they want.<br><br>Populists, who are &#8216;anti-pluralist&#8217;, say that opponents are enemies and dissent is not allowed. However, every government should always be subject to criticism, and having different opinions is essential to democracy.<br><br><br>👉 It is important not to respond with anger or emotion, but to consistently respect rules and procedures, thoroughly protecting the system from being destroyed.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Just criticising won’t solve anything</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Citizens who are frustrated don’t just want to hear who&#8217;s to blame — they want to know how things can actually get better. So simply criticising populists isn’t enough. Without offering real alternatives, people will naturally gravitate towards the hope that populists seem to offer.<br><br><br>👉 That’s why it’s essential to genuinely listen to people’s fears and anger, and present a more compelling vision than the populists can.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Reclaim the word &#8216;the people&#8217; from populists</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Populists try to define &#8216;the people&#8217; as those who support them, but in reality, citizens hold a wide range of views, backgrounds, and life experiences.<br><br>If &#8216;the people&#8217; just means the populists&#8217; base, others will feel scared to speak up.<br><br><br>👉 The goal of democracy is to balance these diverse voices and build a society where we live together. That means treating the voices of minorities, the poor, immigrants, young people, and the elderly all as legitimate parts of &#8216;the people&#8217; to be reflected in politics.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:514px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So now, let’s go back to what I mentioned earlier about Zak Polanski, deputy leader of the Green Party, and his idea of &#8216;<strong>eco-populism</strong>&#8216;. Essentially, it’s a vision that combines environmental policy with populist political strategy.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change now threatens the very survival of humanity. This is not a problem for just a few people, but a crisis confronting all of humankind.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Despite this, some people keep drilling for fossil fuels and cutting down forests just to protect their own interests—and they let the public stay hooked on meat. That’s why flipping the script on populism and <strong>connecting &#8216;the people&#8217; with care for the planet</strong> is such a clever way to drive real change.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>When people turn their backs on the reality of the climate crisis and choose actions that threaten the planet’s future, it feels deeply human to question whether they still represent &#8216;the people&#8217;. That’s why the seemingly anti-pluralist side of eco-populism may not be as misguided as it first appears.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And if this movement can break down today’s unequal society—where some of the so-called &#8216;winners&#8217; seem to have lost the ability to imagine the pain of others—then that would be a truly wonderful thing.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That’s it for today’s deep dive into Jan-Werner Müller’s <em>What is Populism?</em><br><br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/">ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</a></p>
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		<title>ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:50:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21237</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[ポピュリズムとは何か？その特徴や民主主義への影響を、政治学者ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーの著書『What is Populism?』をもとに、わかりやすく解説します。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回の記事では、ドイツ出身の政治哲学者であり、政治思想史の専門家 <strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 <em><strong>&#8216;What is Populism?&#8217;</strong></em> を紹介していきます。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:218px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>&#8220;<strong>Populism</strong>&#8221; という言葉を個人的に初めて聞いたのは、確かブレクジットが起こった頃。<br><br><br>当時、右派の権力者たちは、緊縮政策などで労働者から富を吸い上げたあと、選挙で票を得るために、移民問題を持ち込むことで労働者階級を分断し、「私たちはあなたの味方ですよ」と言って一部を丸め込む。そんなナイジェル・ファラージのような手法を、僕は「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」だと理解していました。<br><br><br><br>しかしながら2025年、労働党まで右寄りになってしまった現在、労働者の利益のために左側にいるのは、もう事実上 Green Party しかいないと感じ、応援していたら、次期の党首になるために立ち上がった ザク・ポランスキーが、「私は、<strong>Eco Populist</strong> だ。」 なんて発言。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">彼の言っている政策は、完全に的を射ていると思いますが、&#8221;<strong>Populist</strong>&#8221; <strong>という言葉には、僕の頭の中には悪いイメージしかない</strong>&#8230; 。<br><br><br><br>というわけで、頭の中の混乱を解決させるために、この本を購入しました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>内容は、歴史上の政治家や出来事がたくさん出てくるので少し難しく感じるところもありますが、それでも読み進めていくと、&#8221;populist&#8221; の定義がよく理解できます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-6"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-6">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">具体的なポピュリストの例</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:331px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ドイツ出身の政治思想家・政治学者の、<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんは、現代ヨーロッパ政治思想、ポピュリズム、民主主義制度の解析において世界的に知られる学者で、 ”ガーディアン” 紙や ”ニューヨーク・タイムズ” 紙をはじめ、多数のメディアに寄稿しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">主な著書には <em>&#8216;</em><strong><em>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe&#8217;</em></strong> や <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em> などがあり、今回紹介する <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong></em><strong><em>&#8216;</em> </strong>では、ポピュリズムがどのように民主主義を操作し、時に破壊的な結果を招くかが明確に説明されています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:510px;height:auto"/></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ニュースなどでよく耳にする言葉「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」<strong>ってそもそも何ぞや？</strong><br><br><br>&#8230; と思って、頭の中で整理しようとしても、自分の生活に脅威を与えそうな側が「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれる一方で、それに対抗する側まで「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれていたりする。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">自由主義派の人たちは、国民の感情に「外国人嫌い」を植え付けて、「外国人は出ていけ！」とナショナリズムを掲げることで、経済格差に不満を持っている国民を味方につけようとする一方で、国民の願いには意図的に応えようとせず、<strong>リベラル・テクノクラシー</strong>（技術官僚主義）による統治を押し進めようとします。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリズムは、そのような自由主義エリートによる政治が、民主主義から「国民」を遠ざけてしまっている現状に対する脅威として、また同時に、それを是正する手段としても捉えられいているようです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>結局のところ、民主主義の世界では、国のリーダーは国民の投票によって選ばれることになっているため、すべての政治家は「国民」に訴えかけようとし、できるだけ多くの市民に理解される物語を語ろうとします。</strong><br><br><br><br>こんな状態なので、「ポピュリズム」が民主主義の「友」であると同時に「敵」としても見なされているため、私たちはその定義づけの混乱に直面してしまっているというわけです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">特に「ポピュリズム」というものの捉え方は、アメリカとヨーロッパでは正反対なのでここで説明しておきます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>アメリカ</strong><br>ポジティブなイメージを持っていて、「草の根運動（grassroots movement）」に象徴されるように、大企業や既得権益層に対抗する「一般市民の正義の声」、あるいは「底辺から政治に声を届けようとする運動」として理解されている。つまり、市民による「真の民主主義の実現を目指す動き」として評価されることが多い。<br><br><br>▪️<strong>ヨーロッパ</strong><br>ネガティブなイメージが強く、自由主義派のエリートたちのやり方は「国民の怒りを利用する政治」「現実を無視して、国民から票を得るために耳障りのいいことを言う無責任な政治」として、大衆迎合（デマゴーグ）的なものと見なされている。そのため、「民主主義の劣化を引き起こす脅威」として捉えられている。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>著者のヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーによると、ポピュリズムの核心的主張は「<strong>道徳化された反多元主義 </strong>(<strong>anti-pluralism</strong>)」となります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">噛み砕いて言えば、「共通善（common good）はただひとつしか存在せず、人民はそれを理解し、望むことができる。そして、政治家や政党がそれを明確に政策として実現できる」とする考え方です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>この主張を持たない政治家は、ポピュリストとは呼べません。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ポピュリストは常に「<strong>我々こそが唯一、真の国民を代表している</strong>」と主張し、異なる意見や少数派を「本物の国民ではない」として排除する傾向があります。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">こうした状況で、もしポピュリスト側の道徳観が歪んでいたり、国民が政治に無関心で「平和ボケ」しているような状態にあると、ただ怒りに任せて彼らの口車に乗ってしまい、結果的に痛い目に遭ってしまうというわけです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>悪く言えば、「ポピュリズム」とは、民主主義の本質である多様性や競争を否定し、民主主義の内部からそれを壊しかねない存在だと言うこともできます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:481px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現在、世界中で多くの人々が民主主義を信じられなくなっているように思われます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、それは民主主義そのものを嫌いになったからではなく、むしろ「新自由主義（＝消費社会による競争）」に染まった民主主義が、自分たちの味方ではないと感じているからです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリスト政権は、このような覇権的な自由主義に対抗するものとして、自らを多様性や少数派の権利を擁護する立場にあるかのように見せることができます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">そして、自らの道徳観と国民の不満をうまく結びつけて、選挙で多数派の支持を集めます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリストが政権を勝ち取ると、前に述べたように彼らは基本「<strong>反多元主義</strong>」なので、自分たちと異なる意見を持つものや少数派を排除していきます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで、ポピュリストたちはしばしばフランス革命期の急進的政治勢力であったジャコバン派の後継者と見なされています。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>具体的にどんなことが起こるかというと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">①&nbsp;<strong>行政権を強化する一方で、司法権を弱体化させる</strong><br><br>自派の人間を裁判所や検察に任命して、チェック機能をマヒさせて権力を集中させます。<br><br><br>②&nbsp;<strong>憲法を変更し、それを利用して既存の公職者を入れ替える</strong><br><br>「腐敗した旧体制の一掃」といった名目で、国家機構を自派で占拠していきます。<br><br><br>③&nbsp;<strong>政党や国家機関を「自分たちのもの」として私物化する。</strong><br><br>反対派を「非国民」「裏切り者」とレッテル貼りをしながら排除していきます。<br><br><br>④&nbsp;<strong>選挙の形式は維持されるが、中身は空っぽに。</strong><br><br>選挙制度は一見民主的に見えても、メディアの支配によって、反対する人たちには嫌がらせや圧力がかかります。最終的に選挙は本当の意味で「自由で公正」ではなくなり、見かけだけの民主主義へと変わっていきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり、ポピュリストは民主的なルートで政権を取ったあと、その後は非民主的な手法で制度を破壊して、自らの支配を強化していくというわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">具体的なポピュリストの例</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:476px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">それではポピュリストの典型的な例を見ていきます。</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸&nbsp;<strong>ドナルド</strong>・<strong>トランプ（アメリカ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、メディアや政敵である野党は、たとえ政府に批判的でも国の民主主義にとって大事な存在として見なされていたのに、トランプが自分に都合の悪い報道をするメディアを「フェイクニュース」と呼んだり、自分に反対する政治家を「反米」と攻撃するようになったため、国民の間で「何が事実か」の共通の認識が失われていった。<br><br>▫️本来なら「能力」や「実績」で選ばれるべき公務員や裁判官のポストに、「自分に忠実な人物」だけを選び、反対意見を言う人は、たとえ優秀な人でも排除。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️自分が選挙で負けそうになると、「不正があった」「選挙は操作されている」と繰り返し発言したり、証拠がなくても「相手は裏でズルをしている」と印象づけたりすることで、「民主主義の土台」である選挙の信頼を壊した。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 ヴィクトル・オルバン (<strong>ハンガリー</strong>)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は&nbsp;メディアは政府に批判的なことも言えたが、彼が権力を握ると、政府の意向に沿わない新聞・テレビは買収され、閉鎖に追い込まれた。これにより、国民は本当に起きていることを知る機会が減り、情報が偏るハメになった。<br><br>▫️裁判所は政府の介入なしに判断することができたのだが、オルバン政権が自分に近い判事を大量に任命し、都合の悪い判決は出ないようにした。これによって司法の独立が失われ、 権力を持つ人がルールをねじ曲げても裁かれにくくなった。<br><br><br>▫️&nbsp;政府と違う意見を持つ人や少数派は、「裏切り者」「外国の手先」などと呼ばれるようになり、社会の分断が深まった。<br><br>▫️もともと、政権が交代すれば、ルールや制度も中立に戻る仕組みがあったのだが、憲法や選挙制度が変えられ、「政権交代が極めて起きにくい構造」になった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 ヤロスワフ・カチンスキ (ポーランド)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、裁判所が政府の影響を受けずに判断することができたが、カチンスキが率いた&nbsp;PiS（法と正義）党が憲法裁判所などに自派の判事を任命し、法のルールを自分たちに都合よく変えられるようになった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと公共放送は比較的中立だったのに、カチンスキが権力を握って以来、公共テレビやラジオはPiSの主張を一方的に流すようになったため、野党や反対意見が国民に届きにくくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️すべての市民に一定の権利があったはずが、&nbsp;LGBTの人々や移民を「ポーランド文化を脅かす存在」と政府が公言し、国を分断した。（LGBTQ+ や移民への差別が公然と語られるようになった）<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 レジェップ・エルドアン (トルコ)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともとは議会制民主主義で、権力分立が機能していたが、エルドアンが国民投票で大統領権限を強化し、実質的に一人で決定できる体制にしてしまった。<br><br>▫️以前は、政府に批判的な言論も認められていたのだが、「テロとの戦い」の名目で、政権批判者が次々と拘束、または排除された。（→ 言論の自由が消滅に向かう）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️少数民族への一定の政治的配慮があったのに、クルド系政党や地方首長が逮捕されるなど、政府に従わない地域や民族は「反国家勢力」として扱われるようになった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪&nbsp;<strong>ウゴ・チャベス（ベネズエラ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️民主制度が存在していたが、チャベスが憲法を書き換え、裁判官・軍・行政を「忠誠」で固めた。（→ 国家＝チャベスになった）<br><br>▫️以前は、野党や独立メディアが活動できたのに、野党の資金源や放送局が次々と潰され、政権批判が困難な社会となり、多様な意見が国から消えていった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと限定的ではあったものの、貧困層への支援は存在していた。そこにチャベスは、自分への支持を得るために、国家主導の福祉拡大を掲げて貧困層に手厚い社会保障を約束。ところが石油頼みの経済運営だったので、価格が下がると一気に国が破綻してしまった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 ヘルト・ウィルダース（オランダ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと多文化主義に対する一定の尊重があったが、ウィルダースは「反イスラム」を掲げ、移民を「オランダの敵」とする発言を繰り返し、国民同士の対立を煽った。<br><br>▫️言論の自由が、以前は比較的安定していたのだが、自分への批判を「エリートの偏見」として攻撃し、メディア不信を煽り、国民が感情的な物語に流されやすくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*彼は政権を正式に取っていないが、ポピュリストとして社会への影響力は大。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上のように、これらの例を見てもらえば、かなりの共通点があることが理解できると思います。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:504px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">本の後半に行き着くと、民主主義とポピュリズムの主な違いが見えてきます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">民主主義というのは、多数決で代表者を選び、その代表が取る行動が、必ずしも市民の多数が望んだものと一致するとは限らない、ということを前提としています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>一方でポピュリズムは、「国民がそう望んだからだ」という理由で、ポピュリスト政権のどんな行動も疑問視してはならない、と訴えます。</strong><br><br><br><br>じゃあ、民主主義を守るために何ができるか？ってことになってくると思うので、本の内容からここにまとめておきます。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> <strong>明確に距離を取り、民主主義の原則を守る立場から反論する</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストが差別的、または挑発的な発言をした時に、「まともに相手にする価値がない」と無視すると、被害者のふりをする材料にされる。<br><br>「移民が多すぎる！」と主張した時に、他の政党が「それも一理ある」と少し譲歩すると、「自分たちの言っていたことが正しかった」と見なされる。<br><br><br>👉&#8230; よって、無視したり、中途半端に受け入れることはNG。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹話し合いで分かり合えるという前提を捨て</strong>る</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは、自分たちの支持者だけを「国民」と考えているため、反対する人たちを「裏切り者」「非国民」「エリート」「外国の手先」などと呼んで国民扱いしない。<br><br>民主的な議論は、「相手の意見にも一理ある」という前提が必要ですが、ポピュリストは自分たち以外を正当な存在と認めないため、最初から反対意見に耳を傾ける気がない。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉&nbsp;ポピュリストに対しては「話し合いで分かり合える」という前提を捨てて、別のやり方が必要。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹民主主義の制度を守る</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">民主主義では、たとえ選挙で多数を取っても、少数派の意見や権利も守るという前提があるのに対して、ポピュリストは「自分たち＝国民全体」だと主張し、選挙で勝ったから何でもできる思っている。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「反多元主義」であるポピュリストは、「反対派は敵」「異論は許されない」と主張するが、どんな政府も常に批判されるべき存在であり、異なる意見があるのが民主主義のはず。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 怒りや感情で対応せずに、ルールと手続きを尊重し続けて制度を壊されないように徹底的に守ることが大事。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹</strong>「批判だけ」ではダメ！</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">不満を抱えた市民は、「誰が悪いか」より「どうすれば良くなるか」が知りたいわけだから、ポピュリストを批判したところで、「対案」がないと、人々はポピュリストの方に希望を見出してしまう。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 人々の不安や怒りを真剣に聞く姿勢を見せて、ポピュリストよりも魅力的なビジョンを提示しなくてはならない。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong><strong>🔹</strong>「国民」という言葉を奪い返す</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは「国民＝自分たち」と定義しようとするが、現実の国民は、考え方・立場・生活環境がそれぞれ違う。<br><br>「国民＝ポピュリストの支持者」になってしまうと、反対意見が言いづらくなる社会になる。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 民主主義の目的は、多くの声を調整し共に生きていくところにあるわけだから、国民は一つの声ではなく、少数派・貧困層・移民・若者・高齢者すべての声を「国民の声」として扱って政治に反映させていく。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:506px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここで、冒頭で述べた、ザク・ポランスキー（グリーン党副党首）が掲げる「<strong>エコ・ポピュリズム</strong>」の話に戻りますが、言うなればこれは環境政策とポピュリズム的戦略を組み合わせたビジョン。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">現在、気候変動によって人類の存続そのものが脅かされています。これは一部の人間の問題ではなく、人類全体の問題です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それにもかかわらず、いまだに一部の人々は自分たちの利益のために化石燃料の採掘をやめず、国民を「肉中毒」にさせたまま森林伐採を続けています。こうした行動を止めるために、「ポピュリズム」という概念を逆手に取り、<strong>「国民」というアイデンティティを環境への共感と結びつけてマスムーブメントを起こす</strong>という発想は、非常に賢いアイデアだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>気候危機の現実に目を向けず、地球の未来を危険にさらすような行為をする人たちは、もはや「国民」とは呼べない——そう考えるのは、人間としてごく自然な感覚です。だからこそ、このエコ・ポピュリズムの持つ「反多元主義的」な側面は、間違いとは言えません。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そしてもしこのムーブメントによって、たまたま勝者になった一部の人たちが、他者の痛みを想像する力を失ってしまったような今の格差社会を打ち壊せるのであれば、それはとても素晴らしいことだと思います。<br><br></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上、今回は<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 &#8220;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8221; についてでした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/">What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Regenesis Book Summary: How George Monbiot Rethinks Agriculture and Soil</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 08:47:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21162</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In Regenesis, Monbiot presents a radical new vision of agriculture that could help restore biodiversity and fight climate change.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book would like to introduce today is&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8220;</em>, written by <strong>George Monbiot</strong> — a British journalist, environmental and political activist, and author.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="278" height="424" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21098" style="width:218px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg 278w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_-197x300.jpeg 197w" sizes="(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This book is all about soil&#8230; and you might be thinking, like, &#8216;So what? What does soil have to do with me?&#8217; But trust me — this stuff matters more than you think.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While we enjoy the comforts of a competitive society, we’ve gradually lost touch with the natural world. However, behind the scenes, a serious crisis that affects our very survival is quietly unfolding.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This book explores one of the root causes of climate change and is a must-read not only for those in agriculture, but for everyone today.<br><br><br>This book is packed with information, so in this article, I’ll be picking out the parts that stood out to me personally.<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-7"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-7">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is George Monbiot?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Did you know tree roots act like guts?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Is there really a food shortage? Absolutely not.</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">How livestock poop is killing our rivers</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">Why have modern humans become so addicted to meat?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">Why intensive farming is a growing threat</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">The proportion of mammals on earth</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">Corporate monopolies destroy biodiversity</a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">No tilling the soil?</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">Hope for the future</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is George Monbiot?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="225" height="224" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21101" style="width:249px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg 225w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m-200x200.jpeg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start with the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>George Monbiot</strong> is an environmental activist, journalist, and writer from the UK.<br><br><br>He’s been writing for&nbsp;<em>The Guardian</em>&nbsp;for years, tackling major issues like climate change, the loss of biodiversity,&nbsp;and the relationship between capitalism and the environment. His articles are read all over the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some of his major works include&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>The Invisible Doctrine</strong>&#8216;&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>Heat</strong>&#8216;</em>. <br><br><br>In&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>Regenesis&#8217;</strong></em>, the book I’ll be talking about today, he focuses on how we farm and what we eat — arguing that we need to completely rethink agriculture if we want a sustainable future.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Did you know tree roots act like guts?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="454" height="302" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21103" style="width:424px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg 454w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by craig-strahorn</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the beginning of the book, George explains that soil and plant roots function in a similar way to the human gut.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🌲 The rhizosphere lies outside the plant, but it is as essential to its health and survival as the plant&#8217;s own tissues.&nbsp;It is, in effect, the plant&#8217;s external gut.&nbsp;</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The soil surrounding plant roots is known as the &#8220;<strong>rhizosphere</strong>&#8220;. In this zone, the environment is shaped by substances released from the roots and other biological activity, leading to the formation of specific bacterial communities. <br><br><br>These microbes help supply nutrients to the plant and protect it from harmful pathogens.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Plants have the rhizosphere, we have guts — and both are packed with bacteria. In both systems, these microbes break down organic matter and turn it into compounds that are easier to absorb. When you think about it, they work in surprisingly similar ways.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>One part that really stuck with me was about the oligosaccharides found in human breast milk.<br><br>For a long time, scientists couldn’t understand why mothers would produce sugars that babies couldn’t even digest. But now we know — those sugars exist not for the baby directly, but to feed the gut bacteria that grow alongside the baby.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On top of that, many antibiotics used in modern medicine were developed from bacteria found in the rhizosphere.<br><br><br><br><strong>The soil, in other words, is alive — and within its balanced ecosystem, it carries out processes similar to digestion and metabolism. </strong><br><br><br><br>But modern agriculture—with its use of chemical fertilisers and tilling—has been slowly destroying this delicate system, bringing us dangerously close to ecological collapse.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">Is there really a food shortage? Absolutely not.</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="383" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21105" style="width:422px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by daniela-paola-alchapar</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is often said that many people around the world are suffering from hunger, but the real problem isn’t actually a food shortage.<br><br><br>Global food production has steadily increased over the past half-century — far outpacing population growth.&nbsp;<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>So… how did we end up here?<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">To get straight to the point, the core issue is that food isn’t being distributed fairly — largely due to <strong>excessive meat consumption</strong> in developed countries.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>First, take a look at where the world&#8217;s current grain production is actually ending up.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>livestock feed</strong> :  about <strong>50%</strong><br>⚫ <strong>biofuels</strong> :  about <strong>10</strong>〜<strong>15%</strong><br>⚫ <strong>human consumption</strong> :  about <strong>35</strong>〜<strong>40%</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>As it stands, about half of the world&#8217;s grain production is used as feed for livestock such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>George mentions that the true population crisis lies not in the rising number of humans, but in the soaring number of livestock. And he’s absolutely right. According to UN projections, global meat consumption is expected to increase by 120% by 2050 compared to levels in 2000.<br><br><br><strong>And these animals need to be fed!</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Wealthy countries, including the UK, say they produce most of the meat, eggs, and dairy consumed domestically, but this is only possible because they import feed from other countries.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Much of this feed is imported in the form of soybeans from South America, and <strong>the expansion of soybean production is believed to be</strong> <strong>causing devastating damage to tropical rainforests, wetlands, and savannas</strong>.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">How livestock poop is killing our rivers</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="286" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21104" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau-300x216.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by de-long-hau</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Surprisingly, a major cause of the serious river pollution problem in modern society is actually our <strong>excessive meat consumption</strong> as well.<br><br><br>Just walking around London, you can see fast food shops everywhere—especially fried chicken places. Behind this is the presence of intensive chicken farms supplying the huge amounts of chicken needed.<br><br><br><br>Some of you might wonder, “But how exactly does eating too much meat lead to river pollution?”<br><br><br><br>Here’s a brief summary of what George explains about that question&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">First, large amounts of nutrients are brought into the area as chicken feed.<br><br>➡︎ Chickens eat this feed and excrete it as manure.<br><br>➡︎ The manure is spread over farmland in large quantities, but the soil can’t absorb all the nutrients, leaving some excess.<br><br>➡︎ Rain washes the surplus phosphates and nitrates from the manure into nearby rivers.<br><br>➡︎ Algae in the rivers absorb these nutrients and grow explosively.<br><br>➡︎ At night, the excessive algae consume a large amount of oxygen through respiration, causing oxygen levels in the water to drop drastically by dawn, which suffocates the fish.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Therefore, you can understand that <strong>the growth of algae matches the increase in the number of chicken farms</strong>.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It’s said that brown and cloudy rivers have become normal in the UK, and the modern system of producing cheap, mass meat is a major cause of this water pollution. <br><br><br><br>Furthermore, the government apparently directs environmental officers not to crack down on dairy farms in the name of economic development, leaving little hope for improvement.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">Why have modern humans become so addicted to meat?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="347" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21116" style="width:500px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen-300x204.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by sander-dalhuisen</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The roots of modern society’s addiction to meat can be traced back to the post-1960s era, when rapid population growth and urbanisation created a demand for mass food production.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">With the rise of supermarkets and fast food, consumers began to demand large quantities of cheap meat.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">This gave rise to intensive animal farming — a system designed to raise large numbers of animals within confined spaces in order to maximise productivity.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>As a result, meat shifted from being a luxury item to an everyday food</strong>.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Especially with the global expansion of fast food chains like McDonald’s, meat became easily accessible, affordable, and available at any time.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In addition, fast food and processed meats are scientifically crafted to make our brains feel good — which means <strong>the more we eat, the more we want</strong>. This creates a cycle of addiction that affects nearly everyone.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>On top of that, since the Industrial Revolution, being able to eat a lot of meat has been seen as a sign of wealth and progress among the middle and upper classes in Europe and the U.S. As this mindset spread through globalisation, it influenced other parts of the world too.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">Why intensive farming is a growing threat</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21114" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss-300x211.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In intensive animal farming, animals are kept in crowded conditions where they can’t behave naturally, which often leads to poor hygiene and stress-related illnesses.<br><br><br><strong>As a result, antibiotics are often overused.</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Farm animals are sometimes given antibiotics even when they’re not sick—just to stop infections from breaking out. Some antibiotics are also used to make them gain weight faster so they can be sent to market sooner, using less feed.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Meanwhile, soil bacteria are constantly engaged in fierce battles, using antibiotics to fend off or destroy their rivals. Over time, they have evolved defensive mechanisms to protect themselves against newly emerging harmful chemicals.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>According to the book, it&#8217;s estimated that <strong>around 58% of the antibiotics given to livestock are excreted</strong>. <br><br><br><br>When this waste is stored in soil, the bacteria living there are forced to evolve in order to survive exposure to the antibiotics.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In this way, bacteria in the soil progressively develop antibiotic resistance by interacting with microbes found in livestock waste.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>And what’s alarming is that these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, their genes, and even the antibiotics themselves can be absorbed through the roots of crops — eventually ending up in the parts we eat.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>Out of the 27 classes of antibiotics used in livestock, 20 are also used in human medicine</strong> — including some critically important drugs known as the &#8220;last line of defense.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>In other words, what this means is that&#8230; </p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">when we get sick and need antibiotics, they might not work — because drug-resistant bacteria may already be inside our bodies!</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>According to estimates, drug-resistant bacterial infections kill around 25,000 people every year in Europe, and the death toll worldwide is said to be in the hundreds of thousands.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For these reasons, scientists and medical professionals have been urging governments to take action against this threat; however, it is forecasted that antibiotic use in farm animals will grow by another 66% in the coming 15 years. 💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">The proportion of mammals on earth</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="431" height="323" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21123" style="width:409px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg 431w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jim</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What hit me hardest among the data George shares in the book was the breakdown of mammal populations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>When we compare the world’s mammals by biomass, the numbers are shocking:</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">👉<strong> Humans make up 36%, livestock 60%, and wild animals only 4%.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, humans and the animals we raise for food now make up the vast majority of the world’s mammals.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If we think we’re living in harmony with nature, we’re seriously mistaken. In reality, we’ve consumed most of it.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Naturally, the more land we occupy, the more we reduce the space available for other living creatures and the ecosystems needed to keep the planet in balance. In areas used for raising livestock in particular, large predators are often killed.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Animal agriculture is the main reason why these animals are disappearing — plain and simple!!!</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Another surprising fact is how EU farm subsidies work.<br><br><br>To receive subsidies, land must be in an &#8220;agriculturally usable condition&#8221; — but this doesn’t necessarily mean food is actually being produced on that land.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In some countries, full subsidies can be granted even if nothing is being produced — as long as the land is kept in an “agriculturally usable condition,” which often means leaving it <strong>nearly empty.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If land includes areas that could serve as habitats for wildlife — such as regenerating forests or ungrazed wetlands — it may no longer qualify for the EU’s main subsidy programme, the Basic Payment Scheme.<br><br><br>That’s why many farmers end up clearing these areas, just to keep the payments coming.<br><br><br><br>Seriously, it’s completely bonkers!<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">Corporate monopolies destroy biodiversity</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="439" height="313" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21126" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg 439w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz-300x214.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by james-baltz</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The shrinking biodiversity among mammals, as previously mentioned, is part of a broader trend, and similar declines are also happening among microbes, insects, and plant species, including staple crops and cereals.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Globalisation has enabled goods to be distributed around the world, leading to increasingly similar diets across countries. As a result, agricultural practices have also become more uniform — and this is now causing serious problems.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>George warns that monoculture, where only crops like soy, wheat, or maize are grown in vast quantities, simplifies ecosystems and makes them more vulnerable to diseases and climate change.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When one type of crop gets hit by disease, it can happen everywhere at once — and that’s how a global food crisis can begin. And since we ship things around the world so quickly now, we also end up spreading plant diseases just as fast.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is said that the widespread use of the same herbicides to grow identical crops worldwide has led to the rise of herbicide-resistant &#8216;superweeds&#8217;, which are now appearing all over the globe.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Even more alarming is the reality that, alongside the homogenisation of diets, farming methods have also become standardised, and big companies are using that to speed up globalisation and crush smaller rivals one after another.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Big firms that sell “universal goods” like seeds, machines, and pesticides end up controlling the market, gaining political power, and using their money to push governments into making trade deals that work for them.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>They keep getting patents on things like seeds, farm animals, pesticides, and machines, and with mergers and takeovers allowed, they get even more control over their products.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>It is estimated that about 90% of the world’s grain trade is controlled by just four huge companies.</strong> 💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">No tilling the soil?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="482" height="362" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21131" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg 482w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Beech</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For most people, the first thing that comes to mind about agriculture is &#8220;plowing the land&#8221;.<br><br><br>However, George points out in his book that <strong>the very act of plowing actually destroys soil life and contributes to climate change and biodiversity loss</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The act of cultivating the soil mainly affects these three things.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>The Network of Soil Bacteria</strong><br>The soil contains many important organisms, such as fungal hyphae connected to roots, but tilling breaks these networks, making it harder for plants to absorb nutrients and increasing their susceptibility to diseases.<br><br>⚫ <strong>Soil Structure</strong><br>Although tilling may seem to soften the soil, it actually destroys natural pores created by microbes and earthworms, causing the soil to compact more easily. This reduces water infiltration, leading to root rot and drought in a vicious cycle.<br><br>⚫ <strong>Release of CO₂ into the Atmosphere</strong><br>Soil naturally stores a large amount of carbon in organic matter from roots, fallen leaves, and dead plants and animals. But tilling introduces oxygen, activating bacteria that rapidly break down this carbon, releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere, thus accelerating global warming.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Based on all this, George calls for a fundamental reconsideration of traditional farming methods that assume tilling is normal, insisting that “<strong>farming without damaging the soil is the key to healing the Earth</strong>&#8220;.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is a method called &#8220;no-till farming&#8221;, which involves not turning over the soil but instead protecting it by covering it with dead grass or leftover crops. Additionally, specialised machines are used to plant seeds by making small holes in the soil instead of plowing with a tractor.<br><br><br>This way, it is possible to cultivate crops while preserving the soil ecosystem and relying on nature’s own processes.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">Hope for the future</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="427" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21136" style="width:432px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg 640w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by M_wie_Moehre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">George emphasises the need for a fundamental change in current agriculture, and he focuses on technologies that use bacteria to produce nutrients like protein without relying on fields or pastures.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">While it takes months for crops to grow, bacteria cultivated in tanks can double every three hours. If the conditions are right, they can even be harvested up to eight times a day.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If this technology becomes widespread, we could enter an era where much of our food is produced&nbsp;<em><strong>farmfree</strong></em>—without the need for traditional farmland.<br><br><br>Because powdered bacteria can be made anywhere with access to electricity, there’s huge potential, especially in poorer countries where renewable energy is expected to grow.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Plant-based meat alternatives already place a significantly lower burden on the environment compared to animal meat. One study found that <strong>they produce 34% fewer greenhouse gas emissions than chicken, and a staggering 93% less than beef</strong>.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Why? Because instead of feeding soy and other crops to animals and then eating the meat, we eat the plants directly.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This technology could slash our resource use — requiring only 60% of the land used for chicken and just 2% for beef. Water, fertilisers, and pesticides? We’d need far, far less.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And as we replace meat with plant protein, and plant protein with microbial protein, farmfree foods could become the smarter choice: cheaper, better quality, and healthier too.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>And most importantly, if we can stop deforestation and pasture expansion — and build a sustainable food system that doesn’t rely on livestock — then ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and grasslands can begin to recover. Biodiversity will return, and nature can start to heal.</strong><br><br><br><br><br>Thanks for staying with me through to the very end.&nbsp;<br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis/">ジョージ・モンビオの『REGENESIS』とは？食と農業の未来を描く必読書</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>ジョージ・モンビオの『REGENESIS』とは？食と農業の未来を描く必読書</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 23:09:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21097</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[気候変動、食糧危機、生物多様性の喪失。私たちの食と農業は、もはや限界に来ているのかもしれません。ジョージ・モンビオの『Regenesis』は、そんな危機に対し「再生可能な未来」を提示する、鋭くも希望に満ちた一冊です。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介する書籍は、イギリス出身のジャーナリスト、環境・政治活動家で作家もある<strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong>さんによる <em>&#8216;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8216;</em>。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg" alt="" style="width:218px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>土に関する本なのですが&#8230;<br>「なんだ、土がどうした！俺にゃ関係ねぇ。」なんて言ってる場合じゃありません。<br><br><br><br>競争社会の中で便利な暮らしの恩恵を受ける一方で、私たちはいつの間にか自然への関心を失いつつあります。<br><br>そしてその裏側では、私たちの命に関わる深刻な事態が静かに進行しているのです。<br><br><br><br>この本では、気候変動の根本的な原因のひとつが取り上げられており、農業に携わる方だけでなく、すべての現代人に読んでほしい一冊です。<br><br><br><br>非常に多くの情報が詰まった書籍なので、この記事では、個人的に印象に残った部分をピックアップしてご紹介していきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-8"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-8">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">ジョージ・モンビオさんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">木の根っこは内臓</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">食糧不足だって？とんでもない！</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">家畜のうんこが川を殺している？</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">現代人がどうしてここまで 「肉中毒」になったのか？</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）</strong>の危険性</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">地球上の哺乳類の比率</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">大企業による独占が「多様性」を破壊する</a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">土は耕さない？</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">将来への希望</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">ジョージ・モンビオさんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg" alt="" style="width:247px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。<br><br><br>イギリスの環境活動家でありジャーナリスト、作家でもある<strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong>さんは、イギリスの新聞 &#8220;ガーディアン&#8221; 紙で、気候変動や生物多様性の損失、資本主義と環境の関係に関する内容を長年にわたって執筆しており、彼の記事は世界中で読まれています。<br><br><br>主な著書には<em> &#8216;<strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong>&#8216; </em>や<em> &#8216;<strong>HEAT</strong>&#8216;</em> などがあり、今回紹介する <em>&#8216;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8216; </em>では、特に農業と食のあり方に焦点を当て、「持続可能な未来のためには農業そのものを根本から見直す必要がある」と主張しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">木の根っこは内臓</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg" alt="" style="width:428px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by craig-strahorn</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この本の冒頭で、ジョージさんは、土壌や植物の根が、私たちの体にある「腸」と同じような働きをしていると説明しています。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🌲 The rhizosphere lies outside the plant, but it is as essential to its health and survival as the plant&#8217;s own tissues. It is, in effect, the plant&#8217;s external gut. </h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>植物の根の周囲の土壌は、英語で &#8220;<strong>rhizosphere</strong>&#8221; [raɪzəsfɪr]、日本語で「根圏」と呼ばれ、ここでは植物の根から分泌される物質や、根の活動によって変化した土壌環境によって、特定のバクテリアの群集が形成されます。<br><br><br>そして、これらの微生物が植物に必要な栄養素を供給したり、病原菌から植物を守ったりするそうなんです。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">植物の「根圏」と人間の「腸」には、どちらにも驚くほど多くのバクテリアが住んでおり、それぞれのシステムでバクテリアが有機物を分解し、植物や人間が吸収しやすい化合物に変えていることを考えると、両者が驚くほど似ていることがわかります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>個人的に印象に残った内容の一つとしては、人間の母乳に含まれている「オリゴ糖」の話。<br><br><br>過去に科学者たちは、赤ちゃんが消化することのできない「オリゴ糖」をなぜ母親が分泌するのか理解できなかったようなのですが、現在はその糖分の唯一の目的は、実は赤ちゃんとともに成長していく腸内細菌に栄養を与えることだったという事がわかっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらには、医療で使われている多くの抗生物質 (antibiotics) も、「根圏」に住むバクテリアを使って開発されているとのこと。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>つまり土壌は生きていて、バランスの取れた生態系の中で「消化」や「代謝」に近いことをしているのです。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ところが、近代農業による化学肥料や耕作によって、この繊細な仕組みが徐々に壊されてきており、かなりヤバイ状況になってきているようです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">食糧不足だって？とんでもない！</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg" alt="" style="width:416px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by daniela-paola-alchapar</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">地球上では、多くの人々が飢餓に苦しんでいると言われていますが、それが本当に「食料不足」のせいなのかというと、実はそうではありません。<br><br><br>世界の食料生産量は、ここ半世紀以上にわたって着実に増加していて、人口増加をはるかに上回っています。<br><br><br><br>じゃあ、なんでそんなことになってしまうのか？<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">結論から言えば、その原因は、先進国を中心とした「<strong>肉の食べ過ぎ</strong>」によって、食料が公平に分配されていないことにあります。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>まずは下に示した、現在の世界の穀物生産量の行き着く先を見てください。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ 家畜の飼料用 : 約&nbsp;<strong>50%　</strong><br>⚫ バイオ燃料用：約&nbsp;<strong>10</strong>〜<strong>15%</strong><br>⚫ 人間の食用：約&nbsp;<strong>35</strong>〜<strong>40%</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>このように、世界で生産される穀物の約半分が、牛・豚・鶏といった家畜の飼料として使われているのが現実です。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ジョージさんは、本当の人口危機とは、人間の数の増加ではなく、家畜の数の増加であると述べているのですが、これはまさにその通りで、国連の予測によれば、2050年までに世界の肉の消費量は、2000年と比べて120％増加するとされているそうなんです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>こうした動物たちには<strong>餌を与えなければならない</strong>。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">イギリスを含んだ豊かな国々は、自分の国で消費される肉や卵、乳製品の大部分を国内で生産していると言いますが、それは飼料を他国から輸入しているから可能になっているのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、その多くが南米からの大豆の形で輸入されていて、<strong>この大豆の生産拡大が、熱帯雨林、湿地、サバンナに壊滅的な影響を与えている</strong>と言われています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">家畜のうんこが川を殺している？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by de-long-hau</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">驚くべきことに、現代社会で深刻化している川の汚染問題も、実は私たち人間の「<strong>肉の食べ過ぎ</strong>」が大きな原因となっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ロンドン市内を少し歩くだけでも、至るところにファストフード店（特にフライドチキン）が並んでいるのが目に入りますが、その背景には、こうした膨大な量の鶏肉を供給するための、集約的な養鶏工場の存在があります。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「でも、肉の食べ過ぎが、どこでどうやって川の汚染に？」と疑問に思う方もいるかもしれません。<br><br><br><br>その疑問に対して、ジョージさんが書いていることを簡単にまとめると&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">まず、鶏の餌として大量の栄養分が地域に持ち込まれる。<br><br>➡︎ ニワトリがその餌を食べ、糞として排出する。<br><br>➡︎ その糞が大量に農地に撒かれるが、土壌が栄養分を吸収しきれず、余剰分が残る。<br><br>➡︎ 雨によって、糞に含まれた余分なリン酸塩や硝酸塩が川に流れ込む。<br><br>➡︎  川に流れ込んだ栄養分を取り込んだ藻類が、爆発的に増殖する。<br><br>➡︎ 増えすぎた藻類は、夜間に呼吸で酸素を大量に吸収するため、夜明けには水中の酸素濃度が極端に低下し、魚が窒息死する。<br></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>と言うわけで、<strong>藻類の繁殖の広がりが、養鶏場の広がりと一致しているの</strong>が理解できると思います。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>特にイギリスでは「川が茶色く濁っている」のが普通になってきているとも言われていて、肉を安く大量に生産する現代のシステムが、水質汚染の大きな原因になってしまっているのです。<br><br><br>さらに、政府が経済を発展させるために、環境庁の人間に酪農場に対して法律を執行しないよう指示していると言うので、救いようがありません。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">現代人がどうしてここまで 「肉中毒」になったのか？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg" alt="" style="width:492px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by sander-dalhuisen</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現代人が「肉中毒」になっていった始まりは、まず1960年代以降の急激な人口増加と、都市への人口集中により、大量の食料供給が必要とされるようになったことにあります。<br><br><br>そこで、スーパーやファーストフードの普及に伴い、安価で大量の肉が消費者から強く望まれるようになりました。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">すると、限られた土地や施設内で大量の家畜を効率的に飼育して、生産性を最大化しようとする「集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）」が登場します。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>これによって<strong>肉が</strong>「<strong>高級品</strong>」<strong>から</strong>「<strong>日常的な食品</strong>」へと変わっていきました。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">特に、マクドナルドなどのファストフードチェーンが世界中に広がったことで、手軽で安く、いつでも肉を食べられる環境が出来上がります。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらに、加工肉やファストフードは、人間の脳が快感を覚えるように科学的に設計されているため、<br><strong>食べれば食べるほど</strong>「<strong>もっと食べたい</strong>」と感じてしまい、みんな依存状態に陥ってしまうのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>加えて、産業革命以降、ヨーロッパやアメリカの中流階級以上では「肉をたくさん食べられること」が豊かさや進歩の象徴とされてきたので、その価値観がグローバル化とともに、他の地域にも広まっていったことも、理由のひとつとして考えられます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）</strong>の危険性</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg" alt="" style="width:441px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by joachim-suss</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">集約型畜産業では、動物たちが自然な行動をとれない高密度な環境で飼育されているので、衛生状態が悪化しやすく、ストレスによる病気も発生しやすくなります。<br><br><br><strong>その結果、抗生物質が過剰に使用されることが少なくありません。</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">感染症の発生を防ぐために、まだ病気になっていない段階から抗生物質が投与されたり、少ない飼料で早く出荷できるよう、体重増加を促す効果のある抗生物質が使われたりしています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>一方で、土壌のバクテリアたちは常に激しい戦いを繰り広げていて、ライバルを追い払ったり破壊したりするために抗生物質を使っています。それらのバクテリアは、新たに登場する危険な化学物質にも対抗できるように、あらかじめ防御する能力を進化させてきました。<br><br><br><br>本の内容によると、<strong>家畜に投与される抗生物質のうち約58％が排泄される</strong>と推定されています。<br><br><br><br>これらの糞尿が土の中に貯蔵されると、その中にいるバクテリアは、排泄された抗生物質に耐えられるよう進化する必要に迫られます。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">こうして、土壌中のバクテリアは、糞尿中のバクテリアから抗生物質への耐性を獲得していきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、このような耐性を持つバクテリア (薬剤耐性菌) やその遺伝子、さらには抗生物質そのものが、作物の根から吸収され、恐ろしいことに、私たちが食べる部分にまで取り込まれていってしまうのです。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>家畜に使われている抗生物質の27種類の分類のうち、20種類は人間の医療でも使われていて</strong>、その中には「最後の砦」とされる非常に貴重な薬剤も含まれています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>つまり、これが何を意味するのかと言うと&#8230;</p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>私たちが抗生物質で治す必要がある病気にかかったとき、すでに体の中に「抗生物質が効かない菌（耐性菌）」が入ってきていると、薬が効かなくなってしまうということです！</strong></p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>すでにヨーロッパでは、年間2万5,000人が薬剤耐性菌による感染で死亡していると推計されていて、世界全体では何十万人もの命が奪われていると言われています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>このような理由から、科学者や医師たちは政府に対してこの危機への対応を懇願しているのですが、悲しいことに、今後15年間で、家畜に対する抗生物質の使用量はさらに3分の2増えると予測されています。💦</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">地球上の哺乳類の比率</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg" alt="" style="width:409px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jim</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">今回ジョージさんがこの本の中で提示しているデータの中で、個人的にいちばん衝撃的だったのが、哺乳類の比率。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">地球上の哺乳類を「体重ベース」で比較すると、現在なんと&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>人間が36%、家畜が60%、野生動物はたったの4% !!!</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、私たち人間と、食用として飼育されている動物たちが、地球上の哺乳類の大部分を占めてしまっているということになります。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">もし私たちが「自然と共に生きている」なんて思っているんだとしたら、とんでもないです。実際には、自然をほとんど消費し尽くしてしまっているのです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>当然のことながら、私たちがたくさんの土地を使えば使うほど、他の生きものが住める場所や、地球のバランスを保つために必要な自然がどんどん削られていきますし、特に家畜を育てている場所では、大きな肉食動物が殺されています。<br><br><br><br><strong>畜産が、そうした動物たちが減っている一番の理由なんです!!!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>さらにショックだった内容が、EU（欧州連合）における補助金のルール。<br><br><br>EUでは、土地が「農業利用可能な状態」にあることが、補助金を受け取る条件となっているのですが、これは必ずしもその土地で「食料を生産している」という意味ではありません。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">国によっては、実際に何も生産していなくても、土地を「農業利用可能な状態」、つまり<strong>ほとんど何もない状態</strong>に保っていれば、満額の補助金を受け取ることができるのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、「野生生物のすみか」と呼べるような再生中の森や放牧されていない湿地などが敷地内にあると、EUの主要補助制度である&nbsp;&#8220;Basic Payment Scheme&#8221;&nbsp;の対象から外れてしまいます。<br><br>そのため、補助金を受け取るために、農家たちは自然を一掃してしまうのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>全く、気が狂っているとしか言いようがありません。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">大企業による独占が「多様性」を破壊する</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg" alt="" style="width:453px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by james-baltz</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">上で述べたような哺乳類の生物多様性の縮小は、微生物や昆虫に加え、農作物や穀物にも及んでいます。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">グローバル化によってさまざまなものが世界中に届けられるようになった結果、各国の食生活が似通ってきたことにより、それを支える農業のあり方も似通うようになり、深刻な問題が起きています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ジョージさんによると、大豆や小麦、トウモロコシなど、特定の作物だけを大量に育てる「モノカルチャー」農業では、生態系が単純化されてしまい、病気や気候変動に対して脆くなるそうです。<br><br><br><br>ある種類の作物が病気になれば、世界中で同じことが起こり、食糧危機につながってしまいますし、高速でモノが流通するグローバルな貿易ネットワークは、病原体も同じように世界中に広げてしまうのです。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">世界中で同じ除草剤が使われて同じ作物が育てられていることで、除草剤に耐性を持つ &#8220;スーパー雑草&#8221; まで世界中に出現し始めているそうです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらに恐ろしいのは、食生活の均一化にともなって農法も画一化し、それに乗じて巨大企業がグローバル化を加速させ、小さな競合を次々に潰しているという現実。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>種子・機械・農薬などの「ユニバーサル商品」を扱う大企業は、市場を支配することで政治的な力を持つようになり、その富を使って政府に働きかけ、貿易協定を自分たちに有利な形に変えていってしまうのです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>彼らは、種子や家畜品種、農薬、機械などの分野で次々と特許を取得し、企業同士の合併や買収も認可されることで、製品に対する支配力をさらに強めていきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>現在、世界の穀物取引の約90％が、わずか4社の巨大企業によって支配されていると推定されています。</strong>💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">土は耕さない？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg" alt="" style="width:430px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Beech</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">農業というと、まず「土を耕す」というイメージを持つ人が多いと思います。<br><br><br>しかし、ジョージさんのこの本では、<strong>実はその耕すという行為こそが、土壌の生命を破壊し、気候変動や生物多様性の喪失を引き起こす原因になっている</strong>と指摘されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>耕すことで特に影響を受けるのは、次の3つ。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>土壌中のバクテリアのネットワーク</strong><br>土の中には根とつながる菌糸など、大事な生き物がたくさん生息していますが、耕すとそれが壊れ、植物が栄養をうまく取れず、病気にもなりやすくなります。<br><br>⚫ <strong>土壌の構造</strong><br>土は耕すことによって一見柔らかくなるように思えますが、微生物やミミズが作った自然なすき間が壊れて、かえって土が固まりやすくなります。すると水が染み込みにくくなり、根腐れや乾燥が起きるなど、悪循環になってしまいます。<br><br>⚫ <strong>大気中にCO₂が出る</strong><br>土壌にはもともと炭素がたくさん蓄えられていて、植物の根や落ち葉、動植物の死骸が分解された有機物として存在しています。けれど、耕すことで酸素が入り込み、バクテリアが活発になって炭素をどんどん分解し、CO₂として大気中に放出されてしまいます。つまり、耕すことは温暖化を進める原因にもなります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>以上のことから、ジョージさんは、耕すことを当たり前とする農業のやり方を根本から見直し、「<strong>土壌を壊さない農業こそが、地球を修復する鍵だ</strong>」と訴えています。<br><br><br><br>土を耕さないやり方には、「ノー・ティル農法」と呼ばれるものがあり、これは土をひっくり返さずに、枯れ草や前の作物の残りで土を覆って守る方法です。さらには、トラクターで耕す代わりに、土に小さな穴をあけて種をまく専用の機械を使います。<br><br><br>こうすれば、土壌中の生態系を壊さずに、自然のプロセスに任せて作物を育てることができるそうです。<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">将来への希望</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg" alt="" style="width:428px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by M_wie_Moehre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ジョージさんは、現在の農業のあり方を根本的に変えなければならないと述べていますが、その中で注目しているのが、バクテリアを使って畑や牧場を使わずにタンパク質などの栄養を作る技術。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">作物が育つには何ヶ月もかかりますが、タンクの中で育てるバクテリアは、わずか3時間で倍に増えるそうです。環境さえ整っていれば、なんと1日に8回も収穫できるそうなんです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>この技術が広がれば、食料の多くを「<strong>農場なし</strong> (<strong>farmfree</strong>)」で作ることができる時代がやってきます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">バクテリアの粉は、電気さえあればどこでも作ることができるため、現在、貧しい国々での発展が期待されている再生可能エネルギーを活用できれば、大きな可能性が広がります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ちなみに、植物由来の代替肉は、すでに動物の肉に比べて環境への負担がかなり少なく、ある研究では、<strong>温室効果ガスの排出量が鶏肉より34%、牛肉より93%も少ない</strong>という結果が出ています。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その理由はというと、大豆などを動物に食べさせて肉にするのではなく、私たちが直接食べるからです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この技術が使われるようになれば、必要な土地は鶏肉の6割、牛肉の2%で済むことになり、水も、肥料も、農薬も、ずっと少なくて済みます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">こうやって、肉が植物タンパクに、さらに植物タンパクが微生物タンパクに置き換わっていけば、farmfree 食材の方が、安くて、質が良くて、体にもいい…という状況になります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>そして何よりも、森林伐採や牧草地拡大による環境破壊を防ぎ、家畜に頼らない持続可能な食料システムが実現できれば、森や湿地、草原などの生態系が復元され、生物多様性が回復し、自然の調和の復活へとつながるわけです。</strong><br><br><br></p>



<!-- START MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink --><script type="text/javascript">(function(b,c,f,g,a,d,e){b.MoshimoAffiliateObject=a;b[a]=b[a]||function(){arguments.currentScript=c.currentScript||c.scripts[c.scripts.length-2];(b[a].q=b[a].q||[]).push(arguments)};c.getElementById(a)||(d=c.createElement(f),d.src=g,d.id=a,e=c.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],e.appendChild(d))})(window,document,"script","//dn.msmstatic.com/site/cardlink/bundle.js?20220329","msmaflink");msmaflink({"n":"Regenesis: Feeding the World Without Devouring the Planet (English Edition)","b":"","t":"","d":"https:\/\/m.media-amazon.com","c_p":"","p":["\/images\/I\/51smLQQu2kL._SL500_.jpg"],"u":{"u":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B09CYS913D","t":"amazon","r_v":""},"v":"2.1","b_l":[{"id":1,"u_tx":"Amazonで見る","u_bc":"#f79256","u_url":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B09CYS913D","a_id":3001644,"p_id":170,"pl_id":27060,"pc_id":185,"s_n":"amazon","u_so":1},{"id":2,"u_tx":"楽天市場で見る","u_bc":"#f76956","u_url":"https:\/\/search.rakuten.co.jp\/search\/mall\/Regenesis%3A%20Feeding%20the%20World%20Without%20Devouring%20the%20Planet%20(English%20Edition)\/","a_id":2996345,"p_id":54,"pl_id":27059,"pc_id":54,"s_n":"rakuten","u_so":2},{"id":3,"u_tx":"Yahoo!ショッピングで見る","u_bc":"#66a7ff","u_url":"https:\/\/shopping.yahoo.co.jp\/search?first=1\u0026p=Regenesis%3A%20Feeding%20the%20World%20Without%20Devouring%20the%20Planet%20(English%20Edition)","a_id":3001643,"p_id":1225,"pl_id":27061,"pc_id":1925,"s_n":"yahoo","u_so":3}],"eid":"N5spq","s":"s"});</script><div id="msmaflink-N5spq">リンク</div><!-- MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink END -->



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>というわけで、最後まで読んでいただき、ありがとうございました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis-english/">Regenesis Book Summary: How George Monbiot Rethinks Agriculture and Soil</a></p>
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		<title>Ken Saro-Wiwa: Key Lessons from Silence Would Be Treason — Book Summary &#038; Review</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 07:01:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20984</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ken Saro-Wiwa was a brave activist who fought for the rights of the Ogoni people in Nigeria, standing up against powerful forces like Shell Oil. ”Silence Would Be Treason” tells his story and the important lessons we can learn from his fight for justice and environmental protection.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book I’m introducing today is <em>&#8220;<strong>Silence Would Be Treason</strong>&#8220;</em>, which tells the story of Ken Saro-Wiwa — a Nigerian hero who was both a writer and an environmental activist.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ken-sarowiwa.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20940" style="width:207px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This book contains letters and poems left behind by Saro-Wiwa, who risked his life fighting against Shell to protect the environment and human rights of the Ogoni people, his homeland.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Behind the consumer lifestyles we take for granted, what is really happening in other parts of the world? I believe more people should know about Ken Saro-Wiwa to understand that reality.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><div class="ad-area no-icon ad-shortcode ad-rectangle ad-label-visible cf" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPAdBlock">
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-9"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-9">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Afterword</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Letters from Prison</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">To End With</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Afterword</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="369" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20943" style="width:466px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler-300x217.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marc Rentschler</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I’d like to begin with the afterword, as it left the strongest impression on me.<br><br><br>After finishing this book, I expected that Ken Saro-Wiwa’s powerful message would eventually reach the world — but the story does not end in a hopeful or happy way.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Ken Saro-Wiwa and his fellow activists gave their lives to stand up to the oil companies, but sadly, <strong>the problems they fought against remain unresolved nearly 30 years after their deaths.</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria, where the Ogoni people live and where the activists carried out their movement, oil spills continue to this day. Residents still eat crops grown in contaminated soil, consume fish from polluted waters, and drink water from wells poisoned by oil.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As a result, many people are suffering from serious health problems.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Shell, which has been operating in this region since the British colonial era, continues to extract massive amounts of oil every day through its pipeline network. However, these pipelines are now old and deteriorating, leading to constant oil leaks — and yet Shell has made little to no effort to fix the problem.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Prioritising corporate profits over human rights is a typically arrogant attitude often displayed by ultra-rich corporations.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Letters from Prison</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20944" style="width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by patrick489</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>&#8220;SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON&#8221;</em> is essentially <strong>a collection of letters</strong> that Ken Saro-Wiwa wrote from prison to Sister Majella.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Sister Majella, an Irish Roman Catholic nun, spent many years working on social and environmental issues in Nigeria. Thanks to her decision to keep Saro-Wiwa’s letters after his death, this book was eventually published.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, she was one of the few people who tried to bring his voice to the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The letters written by Saro-Wiwa are not just updates or simple correspondence — <strong>they are filled with his inner thoughts while in prison, his love for his family and comrades, his political philosophy and beliefs, and his deep anger at injustice in the legal system.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>These are just small samplings, but I’d like to share a few passages that personally stood out to me.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I&#8217;m not worried for myself. When I undertook to confront Shell &amp; the Nigerian establishment, I signed my death warrant, so to speak. (date unknown)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At this point, Saro-Wiwa was 52 years old. He was under constant surveillance by two armed guards, with no access to news, radio, or books. It’s clear that he had already come to terms with the fact that he might die.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Freedom can be quite expensive or cheap depending on how you look at it. To those who have freedom, it&#8217;s cheap; those of us who lack it, pay a lot to get just a bit. (1st October 1994)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the time, most of the MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) executive committee had either been imprisoned or were facing arrest warrants.<br><br>The Ogoni people had their salaries cut off and were forced to survive by relying on their dwindling savings. Saro-Wiwa wrote this letter during that desperate period.<br><br><br>What was going on in your life when all this was happening?<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹This may not sound very nice, and most people around me do not want to hear it (so don&#8217;t tell Hauwa), but I have assumed for quite some time that death cannot be very far away from me. (29th October 1994)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This is an excerpt from a letter he wrote about a year before his execution.<br><br>He wrote about the speech he hoped to give if he ever got his freedom back, and the importance of helping train young people in the Ogoni community.<br>As you read it, you can tell he was holding onto his beliefs—but also that he somehow knew he didn’t have much time left.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I thought that I&#8217;d remain in captivity until God should have used that fact to make the Ognoi cause better known and pave the way for solving some of the many problems which confront the Ognoi people and similar groups in Nigeria, if not the African continent. (21st March 1995)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the time, nine Ogoni leaders, including him, were being held in custody without a fair legal process, and international criticism was growing louder and louder.<br><br>In the letter, he wrote that being detained might actually help draw global attention to the Ogoni cause — and that it could be a valuable opportunity to raise awareness about the issue.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹No, one cannot allow the fear of death to dent one&#8217;s belief and actions. (19th June 1995)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>With the death sentence looking more and more certain, these words really show just how strong and unbreakable his spirit was.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">To End With</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20954" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by FreeCreativeStuff</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What struck me while reading this book was the fact that our “happiness” and “convenient lifestyles” are often built at the expense of people in other countries.<br><br>Still, we go on complaining about small things, taking so much for granted.<br><br><br>We rarely stop to think about where the things we own actually come from — and that’s why we often fail to realise just how fortunate we really are.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the end of the day, so much of our fate comes down to the simple accident of where we’re born. Whether the justice sought by those fighting powerful, greed-driven forces ever reaches us depends on one thing: whether we—who benefit from those very powers—are willing to face the truth, or whether we choose to keep looking away in guilt until it becomes our problem too.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Finally, I found a video about <strong>Ken Saro-Wiwa</strong>, so I’m sharing it here.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Faces Of Africa  Ken Saro-Wiwa: All For My People" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FcJIaSw8-98?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason/">ケン・サロ＝ウィワとは誰か？ ナイジェリアの環境活動家が命をかけた闘いと『Silence Would Be Treason』</a></p>
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		<title>ケン・サロ＝ウィワとは誰か？ ナイジェリアの環境活動家が命をかけた闘いと『Silence Would Be Treason』</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2025 17:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20939</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[石油開発の裏で何が起きていたのか。
ナイジェリアの作家であり環境活動家だったケン・サロ＝ウィワは、自らの命をかけて声を上げました。彼が遺した手紙や詩を通して、私たちが見過ごしている「犠牲」の存在を考えます。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介するのは、作家で環境活動家でもあったナイジェリアの英雄<strong>ケン・サロ＝ウィワ</strong>さんに関する書籍<em>『<strong>SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON</strong>』</em>（邦題をつけるとしたら「黙っているのは裏切りも同然だ！」）です。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ken-sarowiwa.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20940" style="width:207px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼の地元であるオゴニ族の人々が暮らす地域の環境と人権を守るために、シェル石油と命がけで闘ったサロ＝ウィワさんの遺した手紙や詩が収められています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">私たちが当たり前に享受している消費社会の暮らしの裏で、他の国では何が起きているのか? それを知るためにも、彼の存在はもっと多くの人に知られるべきだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><div class="ad-area no-icon ad-shortcode ad-rectangle ad-label-visible cf" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPAdBlock">
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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-10"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-10">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">「あとがき」</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">獄中での手紙のやりとり</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">最後に</a></li></ul>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">「あとがき」</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="369" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20943" style="width:476px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler-300x217.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marc Rentschler</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">個人的に「あとがき」の部分が印象に残っているので、そこから入らせていただきます。<br><br><br>この本を最後まで読んで、主人公であるサロ＝ウィワさんが処刑され、彼のメッセージが世界に届くのかと思いきや、物語は決してハッピーエンドではありませんでした。<br><br><br><br>サロ＝ウィワさんと彼の仲間たちは命を犠牲にしてまで石油会社に立ち向かいましたが、残念ながら、<strong>問題は彼らの死後30年近く経った現在も解決されていません。</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">彼らが活動を繰り広げたナイジェリア南部のデルタ地帯（川が海に流れ込む河口付近の地形）にあるオゴニ族が暮らす地域では、オイルの流出はいまだに止まっておらず、そこで暮らす住民たちは、汚染された土壌で育った作物を食べ、汚染された水で育った魚を食べ、さらにオイルに汚染された井戸水を飲んで生活しています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その結果、多くの人が深刻な健康被害に苦しんでいます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>大英帝国の時代からこの地域で活動してきたシェル石油は、パイプラインを使って毎日とてつもない量の石油を発掘しています。しかし、長年使用されて古くなったそのパイプラインは、石油が漏れ放題になってしまっているのにも関わらず、シェルはそれを解決しようともしません。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>人権を無視し、会社の利益を優先するこの姿勢は、巨額の富を持つ企業による典型的な傲慢さの表れといえます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">獄中での手紙のやりとり</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20944" style="width:494px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by patrick489</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さて、この<em>『SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON』</em>は、サロ＝ウィワさんが獄中でマジェラさん宛に書いた<strong>手紙の選集</strong>とも言えます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">マジェラさんは、アイルランド出身のローマ・カトリックの修道女で、長年ナイジェリアで社会正義や環境問題に取り組んできた人物でもあり、彼女がサロ＝ウィワさんの死後も手紙を保管してきたことで、この本の出版が実現しました。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、世界に彼の声を届けようと努力した、数少ない人物の一人です。<br><br><br><br><br>サロ＝ウィワさんの手紙に関してですが、その中身はただの連絡や報告ではなく、<strong>獄中で過ごす彼の心情、家族や仲間への思い、自信が持っている政治哲学と信念、法の不正への怒り</strong>などが詰まっています。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ここで、つまみ食い的なものとなりますが、個人的に印象に残った部分をいくつかフィーチャーしておきます。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I&#8217;m not worried for myself. When I undertook to confront Shell &amp; the Nigerian establishment, I signed my death warrant, so to speak. (年月不明）</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この時、サロ＝ウィワさんは52歳。武装した２人のガードに24時間見張られて、ニュースやラジオ、本を読むことも許されていない状態。すでに死を覚悟しているのがうかがえます。<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Freedom can be quite expensive or cheap depending on how you look at it. To those who have freedom, it&#8217;s cheap; those of us who lack it, pay a lot to get just a bit. (1994年10月1日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) の委員会のメンバーのほとんどは牢屋にブチこまれているか、警察からの逮捕状が出ている状態。<br><br>そしてオゴニ族の人々は、仕事先からの給料がストップされ、貯金を切り崩しながら何とか生活を続けている。上は、そんな時期に彼が送った手紙の内容の一部。<br><br>この時期のあなたはどこで何をしていましたか？<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹This may not sound very nice, and most people around me do not want to hear it (so don&#8217;t tell Hauwa), but I have assumed for quite some time that death cannot be very far away from me. (1994年10月29日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼が処刑される約1年ぐらい前の手紙の内容の一部。<br><br>もし自由の身であったならこういうスピーチをしたい、オゴニ族の若い人たちをトレーニングしなくては&#8230; という思考の中で、自らの信念や政治的・倫理的メッセージを語ると同時に、自身の死が近づいているのを感じ取っているのが分かります。<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I thought that I&#8217;d remain in captivity until God should have used that fact to make the Ognoi cause better known and pave the way for solving some of the many problems which confront the Ognoi people and similar groups in Nigeria, if not the African continent. (1995年3月21日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼を含むオゴニ族のリーダー9名が、拘束されたまま不透明な法的手続きが進行していて、国際社会からも強い批判が高まっていた時期。<br><br>この手紙の中では、自分が拘束されていることがむしろ国際社会の関心を集め、オゴニの問題を広めるのに良い機会になるだろうと言っています。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹No, one cannot allow the fear of death to dent one&#8217;s belief and actions. (1995年6月19日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>死刑判決の可能性がかなりの確率で濃厚になっていた時期、上の言葉は、まさに彼のの不屈の精神を表しています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">最後に</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20954" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by FreeCreativeStuff</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この本を読んで僕が痛感したのは、私たちの「幸せ」や「便利な暮らし」は、どこか別の国の犠牲の上に成り立っているという事実です。それにもかかわらず、私たちは日々、当たり前のように不満をこぼしながら暮らしています。<br><br><br>私たちは、普段の生活で、自分が持っているモノがどこから来たのか、いちいち考えることはほとんどないので、自分がどれほど恵まれた立場にいるかに気づいていません。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>結局のところ、人の運命は「どこで生まれたか」によって大きく左右され、欲に満ちた大きな力と闘っている人々の正義が私たちに届くかどうかは、その力の恩恵を受けている私たちが、真実に目を向けようとするか、それとも自分に害が及ぶまで、罪悪感を感じつつも無視をキメこむかにかかっている、と思いました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>最後に<strong>ケン・サロ＝ウィワ</strong>さんに関する映像を見つけたので、ここに載せておきます。</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Faces Of Africa  Ken Saro-Wiwa: All For My People" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FcJIaSw8-98?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason-english/">Ken Saro-Wiwa: Key Lessons from Silence Would Be Treason — Book Summary &amp; Review</a></p>
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