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	<title>book review | Reading the Planet</title>
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	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
	<description>Learning to understand a changing world. 気候変動・格差・社会の変化について学び共有するブログ</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sun, 31 Aug 2025 08:42:36 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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	<title>book review | Reading the Planet</title>
	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
	<width>32</width>
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	<item>
		<title>Climate Justice Explained: How the Poor Suffer While the Rich Thrive</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Aug 2025 08:20:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21519</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Discover how climate change hits the poorest hardest, while wealthier nations stay protected.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In this article, I will be introducing<em>&nbsp;&#8216;<strong>Climate Justice</strong>&#8216;</em>, written by <strong>Mary Robinson</strong>, who served as the 7th President of the Republic of Ireland and also as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="181" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21461" style="width:217px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon UK</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Climate change is happening because of the comfortable lifestyles we enjoy in developed countries, yet many people are still unaware of this fact.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Even if people know about it, they’re so used to a life of comfort that the issue no longer feels personal, so they don’t feel any real sense of danger or responsibility.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>The purpose of this book is to make us realise how our way of living is causing serious harm to those in developing countries who are least responsible for climate change, through the personal stories of those directly affected.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>It’s essential reading for anyone living in the developed world.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-1"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-1">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Mary Robinson?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">The Meaning of Climate Justice</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Voices from the Ground</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">A Message for Those Living in Developed Countries</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Mary Robinson?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="194" height="259" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/mary-robinson.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21464" style="width:226px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start by introducing the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Mary Robinson</strong> was Ireland’s 7th President and later took on the role of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>More than just a politician or diplomat, she stands out as a pioneering leader who bridges human rights and climate change, and as a member of The Elders—the group founded by Nelson Mandela—she has dedicated herself to promoting the vital concept of &#8216;climate justice&#8217;, the very theme of this book.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">The Meaning of Climate Justice</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21466" style="width:576px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by oleksandr-sushko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The idea of &#8220;<strong>climate justice</strong>&#8221; is that&#8230; </p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">While developing countries contribute very little to global greenhouse gas emissions, they are the ones facing the most severe and even life-threatening consequences of climate change.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>It’s about correcting this unfair reality!<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Since 1850, more than half of all CO₂ emissions have come from the United States and the European Union, while Africa as a whole has contributed only a small percentage.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>People who live modestly without air conditioning, cars, or much electricity—relying on traditional wisdom and maintaining a “give and take” relationship with nature—are now losing their homes and harvests to droughts and floods, facing life-threatening risks, all because developed countries have continued to emit greenhouse gases for the sake of their own convenience.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Meanwhile, those of us living in developed countries—who have consumed vast resources with a “take, take, take” mentality—are protected by systems such as flood defenses and insurance schemes, which allow us to shield ourselves from much of the damage.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In other words, those who have contributed the least to the problem suffer the most, while those most responsible are the ones best protected.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This injustice is at the very heart of climate justice, and it is the point that Mary Robinson is urging people everywhere to understand.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>By refusing to face the true causes of climate change, we often see protecting the lives of people in developing countries as a matter of “charity”.<br>But it is not charity—it is about taking responsibility for what we ourselves have done.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">Voices from the Ground</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21468" style="width:564px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by utunzaji-wa-mazingira</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Here, I’ve chosen three voices that resonated with me most deeply and briefly highlighted their messages.</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹Constance (Uganda)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In regions where basic infrastructure is lacking, women already spend much of their time fetching water, working in the fields, and taking care of household tasks, leaving little room for rest. Climate change has made their lives even harder.<br><br><br>Here’s how Constance from Uganda describes it&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In the past, the rains used to come at the same time every year, and we never had to worry about food. But now, water has become scarce. We must fetch it at midnight and wait in long queues at the well.<br><br>Crops are often stolen, domestic violence has risen, and women are forced to go further and further in search of water and firewood.<br><br><br><strong>Eventually, droughts and floods destroy everything we grow, leaving our families on the brink of starvation.</strong><br><br><br>It was only when I attended an Oxfam meeting that I first learned the term &#8216;climate change&#8217;. I felt deep sorrow when I realised that the excessive emissions from rich countries were disrupting our seasons.<br><br><br><strong>We are all human beings, and we should be friends. Yet while they live in comfort, we are left to suffer and even die from droughts and floods.</strong><br><br><br>Why is this happening? And will they truly take steps to reduce their emissions?</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>Patricia (Alaska)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As global temperatures rise, the ice in Alaska is melting. Once the ground is exposed, it absorbs heat, which causes even more ice to melt.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Eighty-five percent of Alaskans live along the coast, where the land beneath them is eroding and collapsing. Entire communities are facing destruction right before their eyes.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Patricia Cochran, an Alaska Native who has worked for more than thirty years with communities throughout Alaska and the Arctic to confront climate-related challenges, describes the situation as follows&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Historically, Alaska experienced long and severe winters, with only a brief summer season.<br><br>Now, winters come late, springs arrive early, <strong>and when I return home, the endless ice fields of my childhood have vanished—what I see instead is the shimmer of open water.</strong><br><br>The decline of ice has brought widespread erosion and flooding, and the permafrost is breaking down.<br><br><br>Permafrost—the frozen ground that has supported Alaska’s land for thousands of years—is now melting. <strong>As it thaws, Native homes sink and eventually collapse into the sea.</strong><br><br><br>With the loss of sea ice, the natural barrier that once protected us from storms is gone, leaving bare soil exposed and vulnerable to relentless coastal erosion.<br><br><br>The melting ice also makes traditional fishing and hunting nearly impossible. <strong>Today, we face the grave reality of &#8216;losing our homeland&#8217;.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹Anote Tong, Former President  (Kiribati</strong>)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Republic of Kiribati is made up of small islands in the Pacific, standing just two meters above the sea.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Rising sea levels, driven by global warming, pose an existential threat to the nation, with the very real possibility that the entire country could be submerged and effectively disappear.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Former President Anote Tong has spoken candidly about this looming crisis&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">I have repeatedly appealed at international conferences, saying,&nbsp;<em>“If nothing changes, our nation will sink into the sea”</em>.  But my voice was ignored, drowned out by powerful countries that place their own interests first.<br><br><br><strong>It feels as though the leaders of wealthy nations—who built their economies on fossil fuels—have effectively signed a death warrant for Kiribati.</strong><br><br><br>A crushing sense of helplessness overwhelms me, leaving me with unbearable grief.<br><br><br><strong>If our islands go under, we will be forced to scatter as “climate refugees” in other countries.</strong><br><br><br>To lose our country is to lose far more than land: it is to lose our culture, our traditions, and the identity we have inherited from our ancestors.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">A Message for Those Living in Developed Countries</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21472" style="width:582px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jon Tyson</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Reading <em>『Climate Justice』</em> convinced me that, in the end, people who are geographically fortunate or who happen to possess wealth and power often become increasingly blind to the world around them as they pursue their own interests.<br><br><br><br>I came to think that, over time, people become indifferent to those around them. Since what they receive feels as if it simply appears on its own, they lose the ability to recognise the hardship and suffering of others, until ultimately everything is treated as if it has nothing to do with them.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, even if you live in a developed country and belong to a lower-than-average economic class, feeling disadvantaged within your own society, your basic living conditions are still secured, and you have access to clean drinking water.<br><br><br>Meanwhile, abroad, there are people suffering from drought, forced to drink the same muddy water as their livestock. Yet, because you see the world only through the lens of your own country, it’s hard to picture what that really means.<br><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">But the idea that&nbsp;<em>“I’ll be okay as long as I look after myself”</em>&nbsp;simply doesn’t work.<br>The truth is, we all live together on the same planet.<br>And in the end, none of us can run away from what’s coming.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>When it comes to climate change, it’s not <em>if</em> people will suffer from floods or hunger—it’s just a matter of whether it hits the poorer first and the richer later.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Without “give and take”, disaster is inevitable.<br><br><br><strong>If we’ve taken too much, we must give back!</strong><br><br><br><br>Even a small step counts—let’s start taking action today.<br><br><br><br>Bye now,<br><br>konkzaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice/">気候正義とは？メアリー・ロビンソンが語る人権×環境の本当の意味</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>気候正義とは？メアリー・ロビンソンが語る人権×環境の本当の意味</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Aug 2025 19:09:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21460</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[洪水、干ばつ、飢餓の影にあるのは「不平等」という現実。
メアリー・ロビンソンの語る「気候正義」がいま注目されています。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">今回は、アイルランド共和国の第7代大統領であり、国連人権高等弁務官としても活躍した<strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんの著書&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>Climate Justice</strong>(＝気候正義)&#8221;&nbsp;</em>を紹介します。<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="181" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21461" style="width:215px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon UK</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>気候変動は、先進国に暮らす私たちの豊かな生活が原因で進んでいるのに、その事実に気づいていない人がまだ多くいます。<br><br><br>また、気づいていたとしても、便利さに慣れすぎてしまい、どこか「自分ごと」ではなくなってしまっているため、気候変動に対する危機感や責任を感じることができない状態になってしまっているのが現実です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>この本の目的は、私たちの暮らしが原因で、気候変動に最も責任のない途上国の人々が深刻な被害を受けている現実を、現地の人々の生の声を通して私たちに気づかせることです。</strong><br><br><br><br>先進国に住むすべての人たちが読まなければならない本です。<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-2"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-2">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Climate Justice (気候正義) の意味</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">具体的な現地の人たちの声</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>先進国に暮らす私たちへのメッセージ</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="259" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/mary-robinson.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21464" style="width:224px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>メアリー・ロビンソン</strong>さんは、アイルランド共和国の第7代大統領を務めた後、国連人権高等弁務官として国際舞台で活躍した人物。<br><br><br>彼女は、単なる政治家や外交官にとどまらず、「人権」と「気候変動」を結びつけて語る先駆的なリーダーとして知られ、ネルソン・マンデラが設立した「The Elders」のメンバーとして国際的に活動し、今回の本のタイトルでもある「<strong>気候正義</strong>」の重要性を広め続けています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Climate Justice (気候正義) の意味</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21466" style="width:580px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/oleksandr-sushko-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by oleksandr-sushko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、「<strong>気候正義</strong>」&nbsp;とは、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">先進国に比べて温室効果ガスの排出の責任がほとんどない途上国の人々が、気候変動によって命を脅かされるほどの被害を受けている。この理不尽な状況を正していこう！</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という考え方です。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>1850年以降に出されたCO₂のうち、アメリカとEUで50％以上を占めているのに対し、アフリカ全体はわずか数％にすぎません。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>エアコンもない、車もない、電気もわずかしか使わないけど、伝統的な知恵を生かし、自然に対して「ギブ＆テイク」の姿勢を貫いて慎ましく生活してきた人々が、先進国が後先を考えずに自分たちの便利のために温室効果ガスを出し続けた結果、干ばつや洪水で家や収穫を失い、命の危険にさらされています。<br><br><br><br>一方で、「テイク・テイク・テイク」で膨大な資源を消費してきた先進国に住む私たちは、堤防や保険制度といった仕組みに守られ、被害からある程度自分たちの身を守ることができる。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、最も害を出していない人が最も悲惨な思いをし、最も害を出している人が守られている。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>この理不尽さこそが気候正義の核心であり、ロビンソンさんが多くの人に理解してほしいと訴えている点です。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>気候変動の原因を直視しようとしない私たちは、途上国の人々の生活を守ることを単なる「チャリティー」のように捉えがちですが、そうではなく、自分たちのしてきたことに責任を取る姿勢で臨まなければなりません。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">具体的な現地の人たちの声</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21468" style="width:564px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/utunzaji-wa-mazingira-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by utunzaji-wa-mazingira</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここではとりあえず、たくさんの声の中から個人的に心に突き刺さった３人の証言を選んで、簡単にまとめてフィーチャーしています。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>コンスタンスさん（ウガンダ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>生活基盤が十分に整っていない地域では、女性たちは井戸へ水をくみに行ったり、畑仕事や家事に追われ、もともと休む暇がありません。ところが、気候変動によって彼女たちの生活はさらに厳しさを増しています。<br><br><br><br>例えば、ウガンダのコンスタンスさんは、こう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">以前は雨が毎年同じ時期に降り、食べ物に困ることはありませんでした。だけど今は、水が少なくなり、真夜中に水くみに行って井戸で列ばなければなりません。<br><br>作物が盗まれることもあり、家庭内暴力も増え、女性たちは水や薪を求めてどんどん遠くまで行かなければなりません。<br><br><br><strong>そして最終的には、干ばつや洪水で作物が全滅し、家族は飢餓の危機に直面しています</strong>。<br><br><br>その後、Oxfam（貧困と不正をなくすために活動する国際的なNGO）のミーティングに出席して、初めて「気候変動」という言葉を知りました。<br><br><br>先進国の過剰な排出が私たちの季節を狂わせていると知ったとき、とても悲しくなりました。<br><br><br><strong>私たちは同じ人間であり、友人であるはずなのに、一方で彼らは快適に暮らし、私たちは干ばつや洪水で死ぬ思いをしている</strong>。<br><br><br>なぜこんなことをするのか、そして排出を減らしてくれるつもりがあるのかを私は知りたい。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong>パトリシアさん（アラスカ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>地球規模での気温上昇によって氷が溶けると、露出した地面が放射を吸収し、さらに多くの氷を溶かしてしまいます。アラスカの人々は、その85％が沿岸部に住んでいて、地盤が溶け崩れていくなかで、自らの集落が目前に迫る破壊に直面しています。<br><br><br><br>自身もアラスカ先住民で、30年以上にわたり、アラスカや北極圏のコミュニティとともに気候変動の被害に対応してきたパトリシア・コクランは、こう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">かつて冬は長く厳しく、夏はほんのわずかしかありませんでした。<br><br>しかし時を経るごとに、冬の訪れは遅れ、春への移行は早まり、<strong>いま私が故郷を訪れると、広大な氷原は消え去り、代わりにきらめく海が広がっています。</strong><br><br><br>深刻なのは、氷の減少によって広範囲で激しい侵食や洪水が起こり、さらに永久凍土の劣化が進んでいることです。<br><br><br>永久凍土は、アラスカの大地を数千年にわたり支えてきた凍った地層です。<br><br><br><strong>この基盤が溶けると、先住民の家々は沈み、やがて海へと倒れ込んでしまいます。</strong><br><br><br>海氷が減少すれば、嵐から守ってくれていた自然の防波堤を失い、露出した土壌はむき出しとなって、海は容赦なく陸地を侵食していきます。<br><br><br>氷が解けることで漁や狩猟といった伝統的な暮らしは成り立たなくなり、<strong>私たちはいま</strong>「<strong>故郷を失う危機</strong>」<strong>に直面しています</strong>。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹アノテ・トン元大統領（キリバス）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">太平洋に浮かぶキリバス共和国は、海抜わずか2メートルの小さな島々の国。<br><br><br>ここでは、温暖化による海面上昇によって国全体が沈む危険にさらされていて、国がまるごと消滅する可能性があるのです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アノテ・トン元大統領はこう語っています。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">私は、国際会議の場で繰り返し「このままでは私たちの国が海に沈む」と訴えてきましたが、その声は、自国の利益を優先する大国に無視される結果として終わりました。<br><br><br><strong>これは、化石燃料によって経済を築いてきた先進国の指導者たちが、キリバスの死刑判決に署名したも同然です。</strong><br><br><br>故郷を守れない無力感が襲い、全くやりきれない思いになりました。<br><br><br><strong>もし海に沈めば、私たちは</strong>「<strong>気候難民</strong>」<strong>として他国に散り散りにならざるを得ないのです。</strong><br><br><br>国を失うというのは、私たちの文化、伝統、祖先から受け継いできたアイデンティティそのものが消えると同じです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>先進国に暮らす私たちへのメッセージ</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21472" style="width:586px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/climate-justice-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jon Tyson</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この「気候正義」を読んで確信したのは、結局のところ、たまたま地理的にラッキーな場所に生まれたり、ラッキーなことに富を握ることができた強者は、自分たちの欲を追求すればするほど、少しずつ周りが見えなくなっていくということです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">やがて周りがどうでもよくなり、自分が得るものも、まるでどこかから勝手に湧いてきたかのように手に入ってしまうため、人の苦労や痛みがわからなくなり、最終的にはすべてが他人事になってしまうのだと思いました。<br><br><br><br>例えば、あなたが先進国に住んでいて、経済的には平均より下の階層に属していたとして、社会の中で弱者として不幸を感じていても、生活基盤は整っていて、きれいな水を飲むことができます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">一方で、国外には干ばつで水不足が続き、家畜と同じ泥水を飲まざるを得ない人々がいても、自分の国のレベルでしか物事を見られないので、そうした現実を想像することはできません。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><br>けれども、「自分さえ良ければそれでいい」という考えは通用しません。<br><br>結局のところ、私たち人類は同じひとつの惑星に住んでいるのです。<br><br>最終的に誰も逃げ切ることはできません！<br><br></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>気候変動によって洪水に巻き込まれたり、食糧不足で辛い思いをするのが「先にくるか後にくるか」という違いがあるだけです。</strong><br><br><br></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>「ギブ＆テイク」をやらなければ、破滅に向かうのは目に見えています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>テイクをしすぎたのであれば、ギブバックをやらなくてはいけません！</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>小さな一歩でも良いので、今日からアクション始めましょう。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/climate-justice-english/">Climate Justice Explained: How the Poor Suffer While the Rich Thrive</a></p>
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		<title>What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2025 07:25:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21323</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What exactly is populism, and why does it matter? This concise guide breaks down Jan-Werner Müller’s insights on populism and its impact on democracy.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In this article, I will be introducing <em>&#8216;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em>, a book by <strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong>, a German-born political philosopher and scholar of the history of political thought.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="176" height="287" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21239" style="width:220px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I think the first time I heard the word “<strong>populism</strong>” was around the time of Brexit.<br><br><br>Back then, right-wing politicians had already been draining wealth from the working class through austerity measures. Then, in order to win elections, they brought up immigration issues to divide the working class, presenting themselves as “on the side of the people” and winning over a portion of them. I saw this kind of strategy — used by figures like Nigel Farage — as a clear example of populism.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>However, in 2025, with even the Labour Party having shifted to the right, it feels as though the only party still truly standing on the left for the interests of workers is the Green Party.<br>So I began supporting them&#8230; and then suddenly, Zack Polanski, running for party leader, says, “I’m an <strong>Eco-Populist</strong>”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I actually think the policies he’s talking about make perfect sense.<br><br><br><strong>Still, the word </strong>“<strong>populist</strong>”<strong> just sounds negative to me.</strong><br><br><br><br>That’s why I bought this book — to try and make sense of my conflicting thoughts.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The book does feel a bit challenging at times, since it covers a lot of historical politicians and events. But as you keep reading, you really start to understand what “populist” means.<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-3"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-3">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">What exactly is populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">How can we deal with populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21245" style="width:341px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start with the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong> is a German-born political theorist and scholar, internationally recognised for his work on modern European political thought, populism, and democratic institutions.<br>He frequently contributes to major media outlets such as&nbsp;<em>The Guardian</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>The New York Times</em>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Among his major works are <em>&#8216;<strong>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe</strong>&#8216; </em>and <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em>.<br><br><br><br>In the book we’re looking at today — <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em> — Müller clearly explains how populism manipulates democratic systems and can sometimes lead to destructive outcomes.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">What exactly is populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21254" style="width:543px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term “<strong>populism</strong>” often comes up in the news — <strong>but what exactly does it mean?</strong><br><br><br> I’ve tried to figure it out, but it’s confusing. <br><br><br>Some so-called populists sound like a danger to society, yet sometimes those fighting against them get called populists too&#8230;<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Liberal elites often stir up anti-foreigner sentiment to win over people frustrated by economic inequality — using slogans like &#8216;kick out the foreigners!&#8217;.<br>But rather than genuinely responding to public demands, they continue to advance <strong>liberal technocracy</strong>, a system that deliberately sidelines the will of the people.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populism is often seen both as a threat to the liberal elite-driven politics that have distanced &#8216;the people&#8217; from democracy, and as a way to correct that very problem.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>At the end of the day, in a democracy, leaders are chosen through elections — so naturally, politicians try to win people over by telling stories that most citizens can understand and relate to.</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because of this situation, populism is seen both as a friend and an enemy of democracy. As a result, we’re left struggling with how to define it clearly.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Especially since the idea of populism is understood in totally opposite ways in the US and Europe, I think it’s worth clearing that up here.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>In the U.S.</strong><br>In the U.S., populism often carries a positive image. It’s widely seen as the “voice of ordinary people” standing up to big corporations and entrenched elites — symbolised by grassroots movements. Many regard it as a genuine effort to bring the voices of the marginalised into politics, and as a step towards achieving true democracy.<br><br>▪️<strong>In Europe</strong><br>Populism tends to have a pretty negative reputation. It is regarded as a kind of politics that manipulates public anger, ignores complex realities, and wins votes through empty promises — in short, a demagogic style of politics. Because of this, populism is often seen as a threat to democratic integrity.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>According to the author, Jan-Werner Müller, the core claim of populism is “<strong>moralised anti-pluralism</strong>”.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In simpler terms, it’s the belief that there is only one true common good, that the people both understand and desire it, and that politicians or parties can directly implement it as policy.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>A politician who does not hold this belief cannot be called a populist.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Populists always say things like, &#8216;<strong>We’re the only ones who truly represent the real people</strong>&#8216;, and they tend to push out anyone with different opinions or from minority groups by calling them &#8216;not real people&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In such a situation, if the populists’ sense of morality is distorted and the public is politically apathetic or complacent, people may blindly follow their angry rhetoric and end up suffering the consequences.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>To put it bluntly, populism rejects the essential democratic values of pluralism and political competition, and may threaten to destroy democracy from the inside.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21253" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These days, a lot of people around the world seem to be losing trust in democracy.<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But it’s not that people have come to dislike democracy itself — rather, they feel that democracy, shaped by neoliberalism and consumer-driven competition, no longer works in their favour.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populist governments can present themselves as defenders of diversity and minority rights, positioning themselves in opposition to hegemonic liberalism.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">They skillfully connect their moral worldview with public discontent, thereby securing majority support in elections.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Once populists gain power, they tend to exclude those with differing opinions or minority groups, as they are fundamentally &#8216;<strong>anti-pluralist</strong>&#8216;, as previously mentioned.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So in that sense, populists are often seen as successors to the Jacobins — the radical political group from the French Revolution.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Here’s what can actually happen&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">① <strong>Strengthen executive power while weakening the judiciary</strong><br><br>They often appoint their own people to courts and prosecutors&#8217; offices, effectively neutralising checks and balances.<br><br><br>② <strong>Amend the constitution and use it as a tool to replace existing public officials</strong><br><br>Under the pretext of &#8220;cleansing&#8221;, they replace existing public officials.<br><br><br>③ <strong>Turn political parties and state institutions into personal property</strong><br><br>They label critics as “traitors” or “enemies of the people” and push them out.<br><br><br>④ <strong>Elections continue in form but lose substance</strong><br><br>With media under control and opponents harassed, voting is no longer truly free or fair.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, populists come to power through democratic means, but afterwards, they use undemocratic methods to dismantle institutions and strengthen their own rule.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="307" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21242" style="width:460px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev-300x181.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s take a look at some typical examples of populists.</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸 Donald Trump<strong>（<strong>The U.S.</strong>）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Previously, even when the media or opposition parties criticised the government, they were still seen as essential components of democracy. But when Trump began calling unfavourable media coverage &#8216;fake news&#8217; and labeling opposing politicians as &#8216;anti-American&#8217;, the shared understanding of what counts as fact started to break down among the public.<br><br>▫️Instead of choosing public officials or judges based on &#8216;competence&#8217; and &#8216;experience&#8217;, they appoint only those who show personal loyalty — and anyone who dares to disagree gets pushed out, no matter how capable they are.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️When facing possible election defeat, they repeatedly claim &#8216;fraud&#8217; or &#8216;manipulation&#8217; without any evidence, undermining public trust in elections — the very foundation of democracy.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 <strong>Viktor Orbán (Hungary)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️The media used to be able to criticise the government, but once he came to power, newspapers and TV stations that didn&#8217;t align with the government&#8217;s views were bought out or shut down. As a result, the public had fewer chances to learn what was really happening, and the flow of information became heavily biased.<br><br>▫️Courts used to be able to make decisions without government interference. But the Orbán government appointed a large number of loyal judges, making sure that inconvenient rulings would no longer be issued. As a result, judicial independence was lost, and those in power could bend the rules without being held accountable.<br><br>▫️People with different views from the government — especially minorities — started being labeled as &#8216;traitors&#8217; or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, deepening social divisions.<br><br>▫️Before, a change in government meant rules and systems could go back to being neutral. But now the constitution and election laws have been rewritten, making it almost impossible for power to actually change hands.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 <strong>Jarosław Kaczyński (Poland)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️In the past, courts could make decisions without government interference. But when Kaczyński’s PiS party came to power, they stacked the Constitutional Court with their own allies, letting them bend the rules to suit themselves.<br><br>▫️Public broadcasters used to be relatively neutral. But since Kaczyński came to power, public TV and radio have mainly echoed the views of PiS, making it harder for opposition voices to reach the public.<br><br>▫️Everyone was meant to have the same rights, but then the government started calling LGBTQ+ people and immigrants a danger to Polish values, and suddenly hate became mainstream.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 <strong>Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Turkey)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Turkey used to have a parliamentary democracy with a functioning separation of powers. But Erdoğan expanded presidential powers through a referendum, creating a system where he can make decisions almost single-handedly.<br><br>▫️People used to be able to speak out against the government, but now Erdoğan uses the excuse of &#8216;fighting terrorism&#8217; to lock up or shut down critics. Free speech is basically disappearing.<br><br>▫️There used to be some political recognition for ethnic minorities, but Kurdish parties and local leaders have been arrested, and regions or groups that don’t comply with the government are now treated as &#8216;anti-state forces&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪 <strong>Hugo Chávez (Venezuela)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Although a democratic system existed, Chávez amended the constitution and consolidated control over the judiciary, military, and administration with loyalists, effectively personalising the state.<br><br>▫️Opposition parties and independent media used to operate freely, but their funding sources and broadcasters were shut down one after another, making it difficult to criticise the government and causing diverse opinions to disappear from the country.<br><br>▫️Support for the poor was limited but did exist initially. Chávez promised to expand state-led welfare programs to gain their support. However, because the economy relied heavily on oil, when prices dropped, the country quickly fell into crisis.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 <strong>Geert Wilders (Netherlands)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️ There used to be at least some respect for multiculturalism, but Wilders kept pushing anti-Islam messages and calling immigrants &#8216;enemies of the Netherlands&#8217;, which stirred up conflict between people.<br><br>▫️ Freedom of speech was relatively stable before, but Wilders attacked criticism of himself as “elite bias,” undermining trust in the media and causing people to get swept up in emotional stories.<br><br>*Although he hasn’t officially taken power, his influence on society as a populist is significant.<br><br><br>As you can see from these examples, there are some striking similarities among them.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">How can we deal with populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21256" style="width:516px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As you get to the second half of the book, the key differences between democracy and populism start to become clear.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Democracy is based on the idea that even though leaders are chosen by majority vote, the policies they implement won’t always reflect the will of the majority.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>Populism, on the other hand, claims that any action taken by a populist government must not be questioned, simply because &#8216;it’s what the people want</strong>&#8216;.<br><br><br><br>So then the real question is: how do we defend democracy? <br><br><br><br><br>Here’s a summary based on what the book suggests&#8230;</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Clearly distance ourselves and respond from a standpoint that upholds democratic principles</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you ignore populists’ discriminatory or provocative remarks, saying they’re &#8216;not worth engaging with&#8217;, they use this to portray themselves as victims.<br><br>When they claim &#8216;there are too many immigrants&#8217;, if other parties concede even a little by saying &#8216;there’s some truth to that&#8217;, it’s seen as proof they were right.<br><br><br>👉 So, ignoring them or giving in even slightly is not a good strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Drop the assumption that everything can be resolved through conversation</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because populists see only their supporters as &#8216;the people&#8217;, they call opponents &#8216;traitors&#8217;, &#8216;non-citizens&#8217;, &#8216;elites&#8217;, or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, excluding them from being considered part of the nation.<br><br>Democratic debate requires the assumption that there is some merit in the other side’s views, but populists refuse to accept anyone else as legitimate and ignore opposing voices from the start.<br><br><br>👉 With populists, we need to discard the assumption that “dialogue will lead to mutual understanding” and try a different strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Protect the systems that uphold democracy</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In democracy, even if the majority wins an election, the opinions and rights of minorities are still protected. In contrast, populists claim that &#8216;we are the entire nation&#8217; and believe that winning the election means they can do whatever they want.<br><br>Populists, who are &#8216;anti-pluralist&#8217;, say that opponents are enemies and dissent is not allowed. However, every government should always be subject to criticism, and having different opinions is essential to democracy.<br><br><br>👉 It is important not to respond with anger or emotion, but to consistently respect rules and procedures, thoroughly protecting the system from being destroyed.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Just criticising won’t solve anything</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Citizens who are frustrated don’t just want to hear who&#8217;s to blame — they want to know how things can actually get better. So simply criticising populists isn’t enough. Without offering real alternatives, people will naturally gravitate towards the hope that populists seem to offer.<br><br><br>👉 That’s why it’s essential to genuinely listen to people’s fears and anger, and present a more compelling vision than the populists can.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Reclaim the word &#8216;the people&#8217; from populists</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Populists try to define &#8216;the people&#8217; as those who support them, but in reality, citizens hold a wide range of views, backgrounds, and life experiences.<br><br>If &#8216;the people&#8217; just means the populists&#8217; base, others will feel scared to speak up.<br><br><br>👉 The goal of democracy is to balance these diverse voices and build a society where we live together. That means treating the voices of minorities, the poor, immigrants, young people, and the elderly all as legitimate parts of &#8216;the people&#8217; to be reflected in politics.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:514px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So now, let’s go back to what I mentioned earlier about Zak Polanski, deputy leader of the Green Party, and his idea of &#8216;<strong>eco-populism</strong>&#8216;. Essentially, it’s a vision that combines environmental policy with populist political strategy.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change now threatens the very survival of humanity. This is not a problem for just a few people, but a crisis confronting all of humankind.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Despite this, some people keep drilling for fossil fuels and cutting down forests just to protect their own interests—and they let the public stay hooked on meat. That’s why flipping the script on populism and <strong>connecting &#8216;the people&#8217; with care for the planet</strong> is such a clever way to drive real change.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>When people turn their backs on the reality of the climate crisis and choose actions that threaten the planet’s future, it feels deeply human to question whether they still represent &#8216;the people&#8217;. That’s why the seemingly anti-pluralist side of eco-populism may not be as misguided as it first appears.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And if this movement can break down today’s unequal society—where some of the so-called &#8216;winners&#8217; seem to have lost the ability to imagine the pain of others—then that would be a truly wonderful thing.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That’s it for today’s deep dive into Jan-Werner Müller’s <em>What is Populism?</em><br><br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/">ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</a></p>
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		<title>ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:50:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21237</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[ポピュリズムとは何か？その特徴や民主主義への影響を、政治学者ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーの著書『What is Populism?』をもとに、わかりやすく解説します。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回の記事では、ドイツ出身の政治哲学者であり、政治思想史の専門家 <strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 <em><strong>&#8216;What is Populism?&#8217;</strong></em> を紹介していきます。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:218px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>&#8220;<strong>Populism</strong>&#8221; という言葉を個人的に初めて聞いたのは、確かブレクジットが起こった頃。<br><br><br>当時、右派の権力者たちは、緊縮政策などで労働者から富を吸い上げたあと、選挙で票を得るために、移民問題を持ち込むことで労働者階級を分断し、「私たちはあなたの味方ですよ」と言って一部を丸め込む。そんなナイジェル・ファラージのような手法を、僕は「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」だと理解していました。<br><br><br><br>しかしながら2025年、労働党まで右寄りになってしまった現在、労働者の利益のために左側にいるのは、もう事実上 Green Party しかいないと感じ、応援していたら、次期の党首になるために立ち上がった ザク・ポランスキーが、「私は、<strong>Eco Populist</strong> だ。」 なんて発言。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">彼の言っている政策は、完全に的を射ていると思いますが、&#8221;<strong>Populist</strong>&#8221; <strong>という言葉には、僕の頭の中には悪いイメージしかない</strong>&#8230; 。<br><br><br><br>というわけで、頭の中の混乱を解決させるために、この本を購入しました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>内容は、歴史上の政治家や出来事がたくさん出てくるので少し難しく感じるところもありますが、それでも読み進めていくと、&#8221;populist&#8221; の定義がよく理解できます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-4"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-4">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">具体的なポピュリストの例</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:331px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ドイツ出身の政治思想家・政治学者の、<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんは、現代ヨーロッパ政治思想、ポピュリズム、民主主義制度の解析において世界的に知られる学者で、 ”ガーディアン” 紙や ”ニューヨーク・タイムズ” 紙をはじめ、多数のメディアに寄稿しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">主な著書には <em>&#8216;</em><strong><em>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe&#8217;</em></strong> や <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em> などがあり、今回紹介する <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong></em><strong><em>&#8216;</em> </strong>では、ポピュリズムがどのように民主主義を操作し、時に破壊的な結果を招くかが明確に説明されています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:510px;height:auto"/></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ニュースなどでよく耳にする言葉「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」<strong>ってそもそも何ぞや？</strong><br><br><br>&#8230; と思って、頭の中で整理しようとしても、自分の生活に脅威を与えそうな側が「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれる一方で、それに対抗する側まで「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれていたりする。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">自由主義派の人たちは、国民の感情に「外国人嫌い」を植え付けて、「外国人は出ていけ！」とナショナリズムを掲げることで、経済格差に不満を持っている国民を味方につけようとする一方で、国民の願いには意図的に応えようとせず、<strong>リベラル・テクノクラシー</strong>（技術官僚主義）による統治を押し進めようとします。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリズムは、そのような自由主義エリートによる政治が、民主主義から「国民」を遠ざけてしまっている現状に対する脅威として、また同時に、それを是正する手段としても捉えられいているようです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>結局のところ、民主主義の世界では、国のリーダーは国民の投票によって選ばれることになっているため、すべての政治家は「国民」に訴えかけようとし、できるだけ多くの市民に理解される物語を語ろうとします。</strong><br><br><br><br>こんな状態なので、「ポピュリズム」が民主主義の「友」であると同時に「敵」としても見なされているため、私たちはその定義づけの混乱に直面してしまっているというわけです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">特に「ポピュリズム」というものの捉え方は、アメリカとヨーロッパでは正反対なのでここで説明しておきます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>アメリカ</strong><br>ポジティブなイメージを持っていて、「草の根運動（grassroots movement）」に象徴されるように、大企業や既得権益層に対抗する「一般市民の正義の声」、あるいは「底辺から政治に声を届けようとする運動」として理解されている。つまり、市民による「真の民主主義の実現を目指す動き」として評価されることが多い。<br><br><br>▪️<strong>ヨーロッパ</strong><br>ネガティブなイメージが強く、自由主義派のエリートたちのやり方は「国民の怒りを利用する政治」「現実を無視して、国民から票を得るために耳障りのいいことを言う無責任な政治」として、大衆迎合（デマゴーグ）的なものと見なされている。そのため、「民主主義の劣化を引き起こす脅威」として捉えられている。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>著者のヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーによると、ポピュリズムの核心的主張は「<strong>道徳化された反多元主義 </strong>(<strong>anti-pluralism</strong>)」となります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">噛み砕いて言えば、「共通善（common good）はただひとつしか存在せず、人民はそれを理解し、望むことができる。そして、政治家や政党がそれを明確に政策として実現できる」とする考え方です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>この主張を持たない政治家は、ポピュリストとは呼べません。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ポピュリストは常に「<strong>我々こそが唯一、真の国民を代表している</strong>」と主張し、異なる意見や少数派を「本物の国民ではない」として排除する傾向があります。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">こうした状況で、もしポピュリスト側の道徳観が歪んでいたり、国民が政治に無関心で「平和ボケ」しているような状態にあると、ただ怒りに任せて彼らの口車に乗ってしまい、結果的に痛い目に遭ってしまうというわけです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>悪く言えば、「ポピュリズム」とは、民主主義の本質である多様性や競争を否定し、民主主義の内部からそれを壊しかねない存在だと言うこともできます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:481px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現在、世界中で多くの人々が民主主義を信じられなくなっているように思われます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、それは民主主義そのものを嫌いになったからではなく、むしろ「新自由主義（＝消費社会による競争）」に染まった民主主義が、自分たちの味方ではないと感じているからです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリスト政権は、このような覇権的な自由主義に対抗するものとして、自らを多様性や少数派の権利を擁護する立場にあるかのように見せることができます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">そして、自らの道徳観と国民の不満をうまく結びつけて、選挙で多数派の支持を集めます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリストが政権を勝ち取ると、前に述べたように彼らは基本「<strong>反多元主義</strong>」なので、自分たちと異なる意見を持つものや少数派を排除していきます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで、ポピュリストたちはしばしばフランス革命期の急進的政治勢力であったジャコバン派の後継者と見なされています。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>具体的にどんなことが起こるかというと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">①&nbsp;<strong>行政権を強化する一方で、司法権を弱体化させる</strong><br><br>自派の人間を裁判所や検察に任命して、チェック機能をマヒさせて権力を集中させます。<br><br><br>②&nbsp;<strong>憲法を変更し、それを利用して既存の公職者を入れ替える</strong><br><br>「腐敗した旧体制の一掃」といった名目で、国家機構を自派で占拠していきます。<br><br><br>③&nbsp;<strong>政党や国家機関を「自分たちのもの」として私物化する。</strong><br><br>反対派を「非国民」「裏切り者」とレッテル貼りをしながら排除していきます。<br><br><br>④&nbsp;<strong>選挙の形式は維持されるが、中身は空っぽに。</strong><br><br>選挙制度は一見民主的に見えても、メディアの支配によって、反対する人たちには嫌がらせや圧力がかかります。最終的に選挙は本当の意味で「自由で公正」ではなくなり、見かけだけの民主主義へと変わっていきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり、ポピュリストは民主的なルートで政権を取ったあと、その後は非民主的な手法で制度を破壊して、自らの支配を強化していくというわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">具体的なポピュリストの例</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:476px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">それではポピュリストの典型的な例を見ていきます。</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸&nbsp;<strong>ドナルド</strong>・<strong>トランプ（アメリカ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、メディアや政敵である野党は、たとえ政府に批判的でも国の民主主義にとって大事な存在として見なされていたのに、トランプが自分に都合の悪い報道をするメディアを「フェイクニュース」と呼んだり、自分に反対する政治家を「反米」と攻撃するようになったため、国民の間で「何が事実か」の共通の認識が失われていった。<br><br>▫️本来なら「能力」や「実績」で選ばれるべき公務員や裁判官のポストに、「自分に忠実な人物」だけを選び、反対意見を言う人は、たとえ優秀な人でも排除。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️自分が選挙で負けそうになると、「不正があった」「選挙は操作されている」と繰り返し発言したり、証拠がなくても「相手は裏でズルをしている」と印象づけたりすることで、「民主主義の土台」である選挙の信頼を壊した。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 ヴィクトル・オルバン (<strong>ハンガリー</strong>)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は&nbsp;メディアは政府に批判的なことも言えたが、彼が権力を握ると、政府の意向に沿わない新聞・テレビは買収され、閉鎖に追い込まれた。これにより、国民は本当に起きていることを知る機会が減り、情報が偏るハメになった。<br><br>▫️裁判所は政府の介入なしに判断することができたのだが、オルバン政権が自分に近い判事を大量に任命し、都合の悪い判決は出ないようにした。これによって司法の独立が失われ、 権力を持つ人がルールをねじ曲げても裁かれにくくなった。<br><br><br>▫️&nbsp;政府と違う意見を持つ人や少数派は、「裏切り者」「外国の手先」などと呼ばれるようになり、社会の分断が深まった。<br><br>▫️もともと、政権が交代すれば、ルールや制度も中立に戻る仕組みがあったのだが、憲法や選挙制度が変えられ、「政権交代が極めて起きにくい構造」になった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 ヤロスワフ・カチンスキ (ポーランド)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、裁判所が政府の影響を受けずに判断することができたが、カチンスキが率いた&nbsp;PiS（法と正義）党が憲法裁判所などに自派の判事を任命し、法のルールを自分たちに都合よく変えられるようになった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと公共放送は比較的中立だったのに、カチンスキが権力を握って以来、公共テレビやラジオはPiSの主張を一方的に流すようになったため、野党や反対意見が国民に届きにくくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️すべての市民に一定の権利があったはずが、&nbsp;LGBTの人々や移民を「ポーランド文化を脅かす存在」と政府が公言し、国を分断した。（LGBTQ+ や移民への差別が公然と語られるようになった）<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 レジェップ・エルドアン (トルコ)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともとは議会制民主主義で、権力分立が機能していたが、エルドアンが国民投票で大統領権限を強化し、実質的に一人で決定できる体制にしてしまった。<br><br>▫️以前は、政府に批判的な言論も認められていたのだが、「テロとの戦い」の名目で、政権批判者が次々と拘束、または排除された。（→ 言論の自由が消滅に向かう）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️少数民族への一定の政治的配慮があったのに、クルド系政党や地方首長が逮捕されるなど、政府に従わない地域や民族は「反国家勢力」として扱われるようになった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪&nbsp;<strong>ウゴ・チャベス（ベネズエラ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️民主制度が存在していたが、チャベスが憲法を書き換え、裁判官・軍・行政を「忠誠」で固めた。（→ 国家＝チャベスになった）<br><br>▫️以前は、野党や独立メディアが活動できたのに、野党の資金源や放送局が次々と潰され、政権批判が困難な社会となり、多様な意見が国から消えていった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと限定的ではあったものの、貧困層への支援は存在していた。そこにチャベスは、自分への支持を得るために、国家主導の福祉拡大を掲げて貧困層に手厚い社会保障を約束。ところが石油頼みの経済運営だったので、価格が下がると一気に国が破綻してしまった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 ヘルト・ウィルダース（オランダ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと多文化主義に対する一定の尊重があったが、ウィルダースは「反イスラム」を掲げ、移民を「オランダの敵」とする発言を繰り返し、国民同士の対立を煽った。<br><br>▫️言論の自由が、以前は比較的安定していたのだが、自分への批判を「エリートの偏見」として攻撃し、メディア不信を煽り、国民が感情的な物語に流されやすくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*彼は政権を正式に取っていないが、ポピュリストとして社会への影響力は大。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上のように、これらの例を見てもらえば、かなりの共通点があることが理解できると思います。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:504px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">本の後半に行き着くと、民主主義とポピュリズムの主な違いが見えてきます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">民主主義というのは、多数決で代表者を選び、その代表が取る行動が、必ずしも市民の多数が望んだものと一致するとは限らない、ということを前提としています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>一方でポピュリズムは、「国民がそう望んだからだ」という理由で、ポピュリスト政権のどんな行動も疑問視してはならない、と訴えます。</strong><br><br><br><br>じゃあ、民主主義を守るために何ができるか？ってことになってくると思うので、本の内容からここにまとめておきます。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> <strong>明確に距離を取り、民主主義の原則を守る立場から反論する</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストが差別的、または挑発的な発言をした時に、「まともに相手にする価値がない」と無視すると、被害者のふりをする材料にされる。<br><br>「移民が多すぎる！」と主張した時に、他の政党が「それも一理ある」と少し譲歩すると、「自分たちの言っていたことが正しかった」と見なされる。<br><br><br>👉&#8230; よって、無視したり、中途半端に受け入れることはNG。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹話し合いで分かり合えるという前提を捨て</strong>る</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは、自分たちの支持者だけを「国民」と考えているため、反対する人たちを「裏切り者」「非国民」「エリート」「外国の手先」などと呼んで国民扱いしない。<br><br>民主的な議論は、「相手の意見にも一理ある」という前提が必要ですが、ポピュリストは自分たち以外を正当な存在と認めないため、最初から反対意見に耳を傾ける気がない。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉&nbsp;ポピュリストに対しては「話し合いで分かり合える」という前提を捨てて、別のやり方が必要。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹民主主義の制度を守る</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">民主主義では、たとえ選挙で多数を取っても、少数派の意見や権利も守るという前提があるのに対して、ポピュリストは「自分たち＝国民全体」だと主張し、選挙で勝ったから何でもできる思っている。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「反多元主義」であるポピュリストは、「反対派は敵」「異論は許されない」と主張するが、どんな政府も常に批判されるべき存在であり、異なる意見があるのが民主主義のはず。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 怒りや感情で対応せずに、ルールと手続きを尊重し続けて制度を壊されないように徹底的に守ることが大事。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹</strong>「批判だけ」ではダメ！</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">不満を抱えた市民は、「誰が悪いか」より「どうすれば良くなるか」が知りたいわけだから、ポピュリストを批判したところで、「対案」がないと、人々はポピュリストの方に希望を見出してしまう。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 人々の不安や怒りを真剣に聞く姿勢を見せて、ポピュリストよりも魅力的なビジョンを提示しなくてはならない。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong><strong>🔹</strong>「国民」という言葉を奪い返す</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは「国民＝自分たち」と定義しようとするが、現実の国民は、考え方・立場・生活環境がそれぞれ違う。<br><br>「国民＝ポピュリストの支持者」になってしまうと、反対意見が言いづらくなる社会になる。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 民主主義の目的は、多くの声を調整し共に生きていくところにあるわけだから、国民は一つの声ではなく、少数派・貧困層・移民・若者・高齢者すべての声を「国民の声」として扱って政治に反映させていく。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:506px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここで、冒頭で述べた、ザク・ポランスキー（グリーン党副党首）が掲げる「<strong>エコ・ポピュリズム</strong>」の話に戻りますが、言うなればこれは環境政策とポピュリズム的戦略を組み合わせたビジョン。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">現在、気候変動によって人類の存続そのものが脅かされています。これは一部の人間の問題ではなく、人類全体の問題です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それにもかかわらず、いまだに一部の人々は自分たちの利益のために化石燃料の採掘をやめず、国民を「肉中毒」にさせたまま森林伐採を続けています。こうした行動を止めるために、「ポピュリズム」という概念を逆手に取り、<strong>「国民」というアイデンティティを環境への共感と結びつけてマスムーブメントを起こす</strong>という発想は、非常に賢いアイデアだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>気候危機の現実に目を向けず、地球の未来を危険にさらすような行為をする人たちは、もはや「国民」とは呼べない——そう考えるのは、人間としてごく自然な感覚です。だからこそ、このエコ・ポピュリズムの持つ「反多元主義的」な側面は、間違いとは言えません。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そしてもしこのムーブメントによって、たまたま勝者になった一部の人たちが、他者の痛みを想像する力を失ってしまったような今の格差社会を打ち壊せるのであれば、それはとても素晴らしいことだと思います。<br><br></p>



<!-- START MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink --><script type="text/javascript">(function(b,c,f,g,a,d,e){b.MoshimoAffiliateObject=a;b[a]=b[a]||function(){arguments.currentScript=c.currentScript||c.scripts[c.scripts.length-2];(b[a].q=b[a].q||[]).push(arguments)};c.getElementById(a)||(d=c.createElement(f),d.src=g,d.id=a,e=c.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],e.appendChild(d))})(window,document,"script","//dn.msmstatic.com/site/cardlink/bundle.js?20220329","msmaflink");msmaflink({"n":"What Is Populism? (English Edition)","b":"","t":"","d":"https:\/\/m.media-amazon.com","c_p":"","p":["\/images\/I\/41vWj4nmmnL._SL500_.jpg"],"u":{"u":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B074799QZD","t":"amazon","r_v":""},"v":"2.1","b_l":[{"id":1,"u_tx":"Amazonで見る","u_bc":"#f79256","u_url":"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.jp\/dp\/B074799QZD","a_id":3001644,"p_id":170,"pl_id":27060,"pc_id":185,"s_n":"amazon","u_so":1},{"id":2,"u_tx":"楽天市場で見る","u_bc":"#f76956","u_url":"https:\/\/search.rakuten.co.jp\/search\/mall\/What%20Is%20Populism%3F%20(English%20Edition)\/","a_id":2996345,"p_id":54,"pl_id":27059,"pc_id":54,"s_n":"rakuten","u_so":2},{"id":3,"u_tx":"Yahoo!ショッピングで見る","u_bc":"#66a7ff","u_url":"https:\/\/shopping.yahoo.co.jp\/search?first=1\u0026p=What%20Is%20Populism%3F%20(English%20Edition)","a_id":3001643,"p_id":1225,"pl_id":27061,"pc_id":1925,"s_n":"yahoo","u_so":3}],"eid":"ptMZv","s":"s"});</script><div id="msmaflink-ptMZv">リンク</div><!-- MoshimoAffiliateEasyLink END -->



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上、今回は<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 &#8220;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8221; についてでした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/">What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Regenesis Book Summary: How George Monbiot Rethinks Agriculture and Soil</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2025 08:47:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21162</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In Regenesis, Monbiot presents a radical new vision of agriculture that could help restore biodiversity and fight climate change.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book would like to introduce today is&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8220;</em>, written by <strong>George Monbiot</strong> — a British journalist, environmental and political activist, and author.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="278" height="424" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21098" style="width:218px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg 278w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_-197x300.jpeg 197w" sizes="(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This book is all about soil&#8230; and you might be thinking, like, &#8216;So what? What does soil have to do with me?&#8217; But trust me — this stuff matters more than you think.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While we enjoy the comforts of a competitive society, we’ve gradually lost touch with the natural world. However, behind the scenes, a serious crisis that affects our very survival is quietly unfolding.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This book explores one of the root causes of climate change and is a must-read not only for those in agriculture, but for everyone today.<br><br><br>This book is packed with information, so in this article, I’ll be picking out the parts that stood out to me personally.<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-5"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-5">目次</label>
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    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is George Monbiot?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Did you know tree roots act like guts?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Is there really a food shortage? Absolutely not.</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">How livestock poop is killing our rivers</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">Why have modern humans become so addicted to meat?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">Why intensive farming is a growing threat</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">The proportion of mammals on earth</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">Corporate monopolies destroy biodiversity</a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">No tilling the soil?</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">Hope for the future</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is George Monbiot?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="225" height="224" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21101" style="width:249px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg 225w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m-200x200.jpeg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start with the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>George Monbiot</strong> is an environmental activist, journalist, and writer from the UK.<br><br><br>He’s been writing for&nbsp;<em>The Guardian</em>&nbsp;for years, tackling major issues like climate change, the loss of biodiversity,&nbsp;and the relationship between capitalism and the environment. His articles are read all over the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some of his major works include&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>The Invisible Doctrine</strong>&#8216;&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>Heat</strong>&#8216;</em>. <br><br><br>In&nbsp;<em>&#8216;<strong>Regenesis&#8217;</strong></em>, the book I’ll be talking about today, he focuses on how we farm and what we eat — arguing that we need to completely rethink agriculture if we want a sustainable future.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Did you know tree roots act like guts?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="454" height="302" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21103" style="width:424px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg 454w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by craig-strahorn</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the beginning of the book, George explains that soil and plant roots function in a similar way to the human gut.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🌲 The rhizosphere lies outside the plant, but it is as essential to its health and survival as the plant&#8217;s own tissues.&nbsp;It is, in effect, the plant&#8217;s external gut.&nbsp;</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The soil surrounding plant roots is known as the &#8220;<strong>rhizosphere</strong>&#8220;. In this zone, the environment is shaped by substances released from the roots and other biological activity, leading to the formation of specific bacterial communities. <br><br><br>These microbes help supply nutrients to the plant and protect it from harmful pathogens.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Plants have the rhizosphere, we have guts — and both are packed with bacteria. In both systems, these microbes break down organic matter and turn it into compounds that are easier to absorb. When you think about it, they work in surprisingly similar ways.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>One part that really stuck with me was about the oligosaccharides found in human breast milk.<br><br>For a long time, scientists couldn’t understand why mothers would produce sugars that babies couldn’t even digest. But now we know — those sugars exist not for the baby directly, but to feed the gut bacteria that grow alongside the baby.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On top of that, many antibiotics used in modern medicine were developed from bacteria found in the rhizosphere.<br><br><br><br><strong>The soil, in other words, is alive — and within its balanced ecosystem, it carries out processes similar to digestion and metabolism. </strong><br><br><br><br>But modern agriculture—with its use of chemical fertilisers and tilling—has been slowly destroying this delicate system, bringing us dangerously close to ecological collapse.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">Is there really a food shortage? Absolutely not.</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="383" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21105" style="width:422px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by daniela-paola-alchapar</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is often said that many people around the world are suffering from hunger, but the real problem isn’t actually a food shortage.<br><br><br>Global food production has steadily increased over the past half-century — far outpacing population growth.&nbsp;<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>So… how did we end up here?<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">To get straight to the point, the core issue is that food isn’t being distributed fairly — largely due to <strong>excessive meat consumption</strong> in developed countries.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>First, take a look at where the world&#8217;s current grain production is actually ending up.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>livestock feed</strong> :  about <strong>50%</strong><br>⚫ <strong>biofuels</strong> :  about <strong>10</strong>〜<strong>15%</strong><br>⚫ <strong>human consumption</strong> :  about <strong>35</strong>〜<strong>40%</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>As it stands, about half of the world&#8217;s grain production is used as feed for livestock such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>George mentions that the true population crisis lies not in the rising number of humans, but in the soaring number of livestock. And he’s absolutely right. According to UN projections, global meat consumption is expected to increase by 120% by 2050 compared to levels in 2000.<br><br><br><strong>And these animals need to be fed!</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Wealthy countries, including the UK, say they produce most of the meat, eggs, and dairy consumed domestically, but this is only possible because they import feed from other countries.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Much of this feed is imported in the form of soybeans from South America, and <strong>the expansion of soybean production is believed to be</strong> <strong>causing devastating damage to tropical rainforests, wetlands, and savannas</strong>.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">How livestock poop is killing our rivers</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="286" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21104" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau-300x216.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by de-long-hau</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Surprisingly, a major cause of the serious river pollution problem in modern society is actually our <strong>excessive meat consumption</strong> as well.<br><br><br>Just walking around London, you can see fast food shops everywhere—especially fried chicken places. Behind this is the presence of intensive chicken farms supplying the huge amounts of chicken needed.<br><br><br><br>Some of you might wonder, “But how exactly does eating too much meat lead to river pollution?”<br><br><br><br>Here’s a brief summary of what George explains about that question&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">First, large amounts of nutrients are brought into the area as chicken feed.<br><br>➡︎ Chickens eat this feed and excrete it as manure.<br><br>➡︎ The manure is spread over farmland in large quantities, but the soil can’t absorb all the nutrients, leaving some excess.<br><br>➡︎ Rain washes the surplus phosphates and nitrates from the manure into nearby rivers.<br><br>➡︎ Algae in the rivers absorb these nutrients and grow explosively.<br><br>➡︎ At night, the excessive algae consume a large amount of oxygen through respiration, causing oxygen levels in the water to drop drastically by dawn, which suffocates the fish.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Therefore, you can understand that <strong>the growth of algae matches the increase in the number of chicken farms</strong>.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It’s said that brown and cloudy rivers have become normal in the UK, and the modern system of producing cheap, mass meat is a major cause of this water pollution. <br><br><br><br>Furthermore, the government apparently directs environmental officers not to crack down on dairy farms in the name of economic development, leaving little hope for improvement.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">Why have modern humans become so addicted to meat?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="347" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21116" style="width:500px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen-300x204.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by sander-dalhuisen</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The roots of modern society’s addiction to meat can be traced back to the post-1960s era, when rapid population growth and urbanisation created a demand for mass food production.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">With the rise of supermarkets and fast food, consumers began to demand large quantities of cheap meat.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">This gave rise to intensive animal farming — a system designed to raise large numbers of animals within confined spaces in order to maximise productivity.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>As a result, meat shifted from being a luxury item to an everyday food</strong>.<br><br></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Especially with the global expansion of fast food chains like McDonald’s, meat became easily accessible, affordable, and available at any time.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In addition, fast food and processed meats are scientifically crafted to make our brains feel good — which means <strong>the more we eat, the more we want</strong>. This creates a cycle of addiction that affects nearly everyone.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>On top of that, since the Industrial Revolution, being able to eat a lot of meat has been seen as a sign of wealth and progress among the middle and upper classes in Europe and the U.S. As this mindset spread through globalisation, it influenced other parts of the world too.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">Why intensive farming is a growing threat</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="279" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21114" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss-300x211.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In intensive animal farming, animals are kept in crowded conditions where they can’t behave naturally, which often leads to poor hygiene and stress-related illnesses.<br><br><br><strong>As a result, antibiotics are often overused.</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Farm animals are sometimes given antibiotics even when they’re not sick—just to stop infections from breaking out. Some antibiotics are also used to make them gain weight faster so they can be sent to market sooner, using less feed.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Meanwhile, soil bacteria are constantly engaged in fierce battles, using antibiotics to fend off or destroy their rivals. Over time, they have evolved defensive mechanisms to protect themselves against newly emerging harmful chemicals.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>According to the book, it&#8217;s estimated that <strong>around 58% of the antibiotics given to livestock are excreted</strong>. <br><br><br><br>When this waste is stored in soil, the bacteria living there are forced to evolve in order to survive exposure to the antibiotics.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In this way, bacteria in the soil progressively develop antibiotic resistance by interacting with microbes found in livestock waste.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>And what’s alarming is that these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, their genes, and even the antibiotics themselves can be absorbed through the roots of crops — eventually ending up in the parts we eat.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>Out of the 27 classes of antibiotics used in livestock, 20 are also used in human medicine</strong> — including some critically important drugs known as the &#8220;last line of defense.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>In other words, what this means is that&#8230; </p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">when we get sick and need antibiotics, they might not work — because drug-resistant bacteria may already be inside our bodies!</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>According to estimates, drug-resistant bacterial infections kill around 25,000 people every year in Europe, and the death toll worldwide is said to be in the hundreds of thousands.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For these reasons, scientists and medical professionals have been urging governments to take action against this threat; however, it is forecasted that antibiotic use in farm animals will grow by another 66% in the coming 15 years. 💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">The proportion of mammals on earth</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="431" height="323" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21123" style="width:409px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg 431w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jim</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What hit me hardest among the data George shares in the book was the breakdown of mammal populations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>When we compare the world’s mammals by biomass, the numbers are shocking:</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">👉<strong> Humans make up 36%, livestock 60%, and wild animals only 4%.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, humans and the animals we raise for food now make up the vast majority of the world’s mammals.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If we think we’re living in harmony with nature, we’re seriously mistaken. In reality, we’ve consumed most of it.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Naturally, the more land we occupy, the more we reduce the space available for other living creatures and the ecosystems needed to keep the planet in balance. In areas used for raising livestock in particular, large predators are often killed.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Animal agriculture is the main reason why these animals are disappearing — plain and simple!!!</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Another surprising fact is how EU farm subsidies work.<br><br><br>To receive subsidies, land must be in an &#8220;agriculturally usable condition&#8221; — but this doesn’t necessarily mean food is actually being produced on that land.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In some countries, full subsidies can be granted even if nothing is being produced — as long as the land is kept in an “agriculturally usable condition,” which often means leaving it <strong>nearly empty.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If land includes areas that could serve as habitats for wildlife — such as regenerating forests or ungrazed wetlands — it may no longer qualify for the EU’s main subsidy programme, the Basic Payment Scheme.<br><br><br>That’s why many farmers end up clearing these areas, just to keep the payments coming.<br><br><br><br>Seriously, it’s completely bonkers!<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">Corporate monopolies destroy biodiversity</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="439" height="313" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21126" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg 439w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz-300x214.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by james-baltz</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The shrinking biodiversity among mammals, as previously mentioned, is part of a broader trend, and similar declines are also happening among microbes, insects, and plant species, including staple crops and cereals.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Globalisation has enabled goods to be distributed around the world, leading to increasingly similar diets across countries. As a result, agricultural practices have also become more uniform — and this is now causing serious problems.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>George warns that monoculture, where only crops like soy, wheat, or maize are grown in vast quantities, simplifies ecosystems and makes them more vulnerable to diseases and climate change.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When one type of crop gets hit by disease, it can happen everywhere at once — and that’s how a global food crisis can begin. And since we ship things around the world so quickly now, we also end up spreading plant diseases just as fast.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is said that the widespread use of the same herbicides to grow identical crops worldwide has led to the rise of herbicide-resistant &#8216;superweeds&#8217;, which are now appearing all over the globe.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Even more alarming is the reality that, alongside the homogenisation of diets, farming methods have also become standardised, and big companies are using that to speed up globalisation and crush smaller rivals one after another.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Big firms that sell “universal goods” like seeds, machines, and pesticides end up controlling the market, gaining political power, and using their money to push governments into making trade deals that work for them.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>They keep getting patents on things like seeds, farm animals, pesticides, and machines, and with mergers and takeovers allowed, they get even more control over their products.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>It is estimated that about 90% of the world’s grain trade is controlled by just four huge companies.</strong> 💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">No tilling the soil?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="482" height="362" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21131" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg 482w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Beech</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For most people, the first thing that comes to mind about agriculture is &#8220;plowing the land&#8221;.<br><br><br>However, George points out in his book that <strong>the very act of plowing actually destroys soil life and contributes to climate change and biodiversity loss</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The act of cultivating the soil mainly affects these three things.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>The Network of Soil Bacteria</strong><br>The soil contains many important organisms, such as fungal hyphae connected to roots, but tilling breaks these networks, making it harder for plants to absorb nutrients and increasing their susceptibility to diseases.<br><br>⚫ <strong>Soil Structure</strong><br>Although tilling may seem to soften the soil, it actually destroys natural pores created by microbes and earthworms, causing the soil to compact more easily. This reduces water infiltration, leading to root rot and drought in a vicious cycle.<br><br>⚫ <strong>Release of CO₂ into the Atmosphere</strong><br>Soil naturally stores a large amount of carbon in organic matter from roots, fallen leaves, and dead plants and animals. But tilling introduces oxygen, activating bacteria that rapidly break down this carbon, releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere, thus accelerating global warming.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Based on all this, George calls for a fundamental reconsideration of traditional farming methods that assume tilling is normal, insisting that “<strong>farming without damaging the soil is the key to healing the Earth</strong>&#8220;.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is a method called &#8220;no-till farming&#8221;, which involves not turning over the soil but instead protecting it by covering it with dead grass or leftover crops. Additionally, specialised machines are used to plant seeds by making small holes in the soil instead of plowing with a tractor.<br><br><br>This way, it is possible to cultivate crops while preserving the soil ecosystem and relying on nature’s own processes.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">Hope for the future</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="427" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21136" style="width:432px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg 640w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by M_wie_Moehre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">George emphasises the need for a fundamental change in current agriculture, and he focuses on technologies that use bacteria to produce nutrients like protein without relying on fields or pastures.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">While it takes months for crops to grow, bacteria cultivated in tanks can double every three hours. If the conditions are right, they can even be harvested up to eight times a day.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If this technology becomes widespread, we could enter an era where much of our food is produced&nbsp;<em><strong>farmfree</strong></em>—without the need for traditional farmland.<br><br><br>Because powdered bacteria can be made anywhere with access to electricity, there’s huge potential, especially in poorer countries where renewable energy is expected to grow.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Plant-based meat alternatives already place a significantly lower burden on the environment compared to animal meat. One study found that <strong>they produce 34% fewer greenhouse gas emissions than chicken, and a staggering 93% less than beef</strong>.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Why? Because instead of feeding soy and other crops to animals and then eating the meat, we eat the plants directly.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This technology could slash our resource use — requiring only 60% of the land used for chicken and just 2% for beef. Water, fertilisers, and pesticides? We’d need far, far less.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And as we replace meat with plant protein, and plant protein with microbial protein, farmfree foods could become the smarter choice: cheaper, better quality, and healthier too.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>And most importantly, if we can stop deforestation and pasture expansion — and build a sustainable food system that doesn’t rely on livestock — then ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and grasslands can begin to recover. Biodiversity will return, and nature can start to heal.</strong><br><br><br><br><br>Thanks for staying with me through to the very end.&nbsp;<br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis/">ジョージ・モンビオの『REGENESIS』とは？食と農業の未来を描く必読書</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>ジョージ・モンビオの『REGENESIS』とは？食と農業の未来を描く必読書</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 23:09:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21097</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[気候変動、食糧危機、生物多様性の喪失。私たちの食と農業は、もはや限界に来ているのかもしれません。ジョージ・モンビオの『Regenesis』は、そんな危機に対し「再生可能な未来」を提示する、鋭くも希望に満ちた一冊です。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介する書籍は、イギリス出身のジャーナリスト、環境・政治活動家で作家もある<strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong>さんによる <em>&#8216;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8216;</em>。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/amazon.co_.uk_.jpeg" alt="" style="width:218px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>土に関する本なのですが&#8230;<br>「なんだ、土がどうした！俺にゃ関係ねぇ。」なんて言ってる場合じゃありません。<br><br><br><br>競争社会の中で便利な暮らしの恩恵を受ける一方で、私たちはいつの間にか自然への関心を失いつつあります。<br><br>そしてその裏側では、私たちの命に関わる深刻な事態が静かに進行しているのです。<br><br><br><br>この本では、気候変動の根本的な原因のひとつが取り上げられており、農業に携わる方だけでなく、すべての現代人に読んでほしい一冊です。<br><br><br><br>非常に多くの情報が詰まった書籍なので、この記事では、個人的に印象に残った部分をピックアップしてご紹介していきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-6"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-6">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">ジョージ・モンビオさんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">木の根っこは内臓</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">食糧不足だって？とんでもない！</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">家畜のうんこが川を殺している？</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">現代人がどうしてここまで 「肉中毒」になったのか？</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）</strong>の危険性</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">地球上の哺乳類の比率</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">大企業による独占が「多様性」を破壊する</a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">土は耕さない？</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">将来への希望</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">ジョージ・モンビオさんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/george-m.jpeg" alt="" style="width:247px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。<br><br><br>イギリスの環境活動家でありジャーナリスト、作家でもある<strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong>さんは、イギリスの新聞 &#8220;ガーディアン&#8221; 紙で、気候変動や生物多様性の損失、資本主義と環境の関係に関する内容を長年にわたって執筆しており、彼の記事は世界中で読まれています。<br><br><br>主な著書には<em> &#8216;<strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong>&#8216; </em>や<em> &#8216;<strong>HEAT</strong>&#8216;</em> などがあり、今回紹介する <em>&#8216;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8216; </em>では、特に農業と食のあり方に焦点を当て、「持続可能な未来のためには農業そのものを根本から見直す必要がある」と主張しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">木の根っこは内臓</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/craig-strahorn.jpg" alt="" style="width:428px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by craig-strahorn</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この本の冒頭で、ジョージさんは、土壌や植物の根が、私たちの体にある「腸」と同じような働きをしていると説明しています。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🌲 The rhizosphere lies outside the plant, but it is as essential to its health and survival as the plant&#8217;s own tissues. It is, in effect, the plant&#8217;s external gut. </h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>植物の根の周囲の土壌は、英語で &#8220;<strong>rhizosphere</strong>&#8221; [raɪzəsfɪr]、日本語で「根圏」と呼ばれ、ここでは植物の根から分泌される物質や、根の活動によって変化した土壌環境によって、特定のバクテリアの群集が形成されます。<br><br><br>そして、これらの微生物が植物に必要な栄養素を供給したり、病原菌から植物を守ったりするそうなんです。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">植物の「根圏」と人間の「腸」には、どちらにも驚くほど多くのバクテリアが住んでおり、それぞれのシステムでバクテリアが有機物を分解し、植物や人間が吸収しやすい化合物に変えていることを考えると、両者が驚くほど似ていることがわかります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>個人的に印象に残った内容の一つとしては、人間の母乳に含まれている「オリゴ糖」の話。<br><br><br>過去に科学者たちは、赤ちゃんが消化することのできない「オリゴ糖」をなぜ母親が分泌するのか理解できなかったようなのですが、現在はその糖分の唯一の目的は、実は赤ちゃんとともに成長していく腸内細菌に栄養を与えることだったという事がわかっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらには、医療で使われている多くの抗生物質 (antibiotics) も、「根圏」に住むバクテリアを使って開発されているとのこと。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>つまり土壌は生きていて、バランスの取れた生態系の中で「消化」や「代謝」に近いことをしているのです。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ところが、近代農業による化学肥料や耕作によって、この繊細な仕組みが徐々に壊されてきており、かなりヤバイ状況になってきているようです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">食糧不足だって？とんでもない！</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/daniela-paola-alchapar.jpg" alt="" style="width:416px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by daniela-paola-alchapar</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">地球上では、多くの人々が飢餓に苦しんでいると言われていますが、それが本当に「食料不足」のせいなのかというと、実はそうではありません。<br><br><br>世界の食料生産量は、ここ半世紀以上にわたって着実に増加していて、人口増加をはるかに上回っています。<br><br><br><br>じゃあ、なんでそんなことになってしまうのか？<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">結論から言えば、その原因は、先進国を中心とした「<strong>肉の食べ過ぎ</strong>」によって、食料が公平に分配されていないことにあります。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>まずは下に示した、現在の世界の穀物生産量の行き着く先を見てください。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ 家畜の飼料用 : 約&nbsp;<strong>50%　</strong><br>⚫ バイオ燃料用：約&nbsp;<strong>10</strong>〜<strong>15%</strong><br>⚫ 人間の食用：約&nbsp;<strong>35</strong>〜<strong>40%</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>このように、世界で生産される穀物の約半分が、牛・豚・鶏といった家畜の飼料として使われているのが現実です。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ジョージさんは、本当の人口危機とは、人間の数の増加ではなく、家畜の数の増加であると述べているのですが、これはまさにその通りで、国連の予測によれば、2050年までに世界の肉の消費量は、2000年と比べて120％増加するとされているそうなんです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>こうした動物たちには<strong>餌を与えなければならない</strong>。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">イギリスを含んだ豊かな国々は、自分の国で消費される肉や卵、乳製品の大部分を国内で生産していると言いますが、それは飼料を他国から輸入しているから可能になっているのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、その多くが南米からの大豆の形で輸入されていて、<strong>この大豆の生産拡大が、熱帯雨林、湿地、サバンナに壊滅的な影響を与えている</strong>と言われています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">家畜のうんこが川を殺している？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/de-long-hau.jpg" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by de-long-hau</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">驚くべきことに、現代社会で深刻化している川の汚染問題も、実は私たち人間の「<strong>肉の食べ過ぎ</strong>」が大きな原因となっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ロンドン市内を少し歩くだけでも、至るところにファストフード店（特にフライドチキン）が並んでいるのが目に入りますが、その背景には、こうした膨大な量の鶏肉を供給するための、集約的な養鶏工場の存在があります。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「でも、肉の食べ過ぎが、どこでどうやって川の汚染に？」と疑問に思う方もいるかもしれません。<br><br><br><br>その疑問に対して、ジョージさんが書いていることを簡単にまとめると&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">まず、鶏の餌として大量の栄養分が地域に持ち込まれる。<br><br>➡︎ ニワトリがその餌を食べ、糞として排出する。<br><br>➡︎ その糞が大量に農地に撒かれるが、土壌が栄養分を吸収しきれず、余剰分が残る。<br><br>➡︎ 雨によって、糞に含まれた余分なリン酸塩や硝酸塩が川に流れ込む。<br><br>➡︎  川に流れ込んだ栄養分を取り込んだ藻類が、爆発的に増殖する。<br><br>➡︎ 増えすぎた藻類は、夜間に呼吸で酸素を大量に吸収するため、夜明けには水中の酸素濃度が極端に低下し、魚が窒息死する。<br></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>と言うわけで、<strong>藻類の繁殖の広がりが、養鶏場の広がりと一致しているの</strong>が理解できると思います。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>特にイギリスでは「川が茶色く濁っている」のが普通になってきているとも言われていて、肉を安く大量に生産する現代のシステムが、水質汚染の大きな原因になってしまっているのです。<br><br><br>さらに、政府が経済を発展させるために、環境庁の人間に酪農場に対して法律を執行しないよう指示していると言うので、救いようがありません。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">現代人がどうしてここまで 「肉中毒」になったのか？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/sander-dalhuisen.jpg" alt="" style="width:492px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by sander-dalhuisen</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現代人が「肉中毒」になっていった始まりは、まず1960年代以降の急激な人口増加と、都市への人口集中により、大量の食料供給が必要とされるようになったことにあります。<br><br><br>そこで、スーパーやファーストフードの普及に伴い、安価で大量の肉が消費者から強く望まれるようになりました。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">すると、限られた土地や施設内で大量の家畜を効率的に飼育して、生産性を最大化しようとする「集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）」が登場します。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>これによって<strong>肉が</strong>「<strong>高級品</strong>」<strong>から</strong>「<strong>日常的な食品</strong>」へと変わっていきました。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">特に、マクドナルドなどのファストフードチェーンが世界中に広がったことで、手軽で安く、いつでも肉を食べられる環境が出来上がります。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらに、加工肉やファストフードは、人間の脳が快感を覚えるように科学的に設計されているため、<br><strong>食べれば食べるほど</strong>「<strong>もっと食べたい</strong>」と感じてしまい、みんな依存状態に陥ってしまうのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>加えて、産業革命以降、ヨーロッパやアメリカの中流階級以上では「肉をたくさん食べられること」が豊かさや進歩の象徴とされてきたので、その価値観がグローバル化とともに、他の地域にも広まっていったことも、理由のひとつとして考えられます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>集約型畜産業（インテンシブ・ファーミング）</strong>の危険性</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/joachim-suss.jpg" alt="" style="width:441px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by joachim-suss</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">集約型畜産業では、動物たちが自然な行動をとれない高密度な環境で飼育されているので、衛生状態が悪化しやすく、ストレスによる病気も発生しやすくなります。<br><br><br><strong>その結果、抗生物質が過剰に使用されることが少なくありません。</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">感染症の発生を防ぐために、まだ病気になっていない段階から抗生物質が投与されたり、少ない飼料で早く出荷できるよう、体重増加を促す効果のある抗生物質が使われたりしています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>一方で、土壌のバクテリアたちは常に激しい戦いを繰り広げていて、ライバルを追い払ったり破壊したりするために抗生物質を使っています。それらのバクテリアは、新たに登場する危険な化学物質にも対抗できるように、あらかじめ防御する能力を進化させてきました。<br><br><br><br>本の内容によると、<strong>家畜に投与される抗生物質のうち約58％が排泄される</strong>と推定されています。<br><br><br><br>これらの糞尿が土の中に貯蔵されると、その中にいるバクテリアは、排泄された抗生物質に耐えられるよう進化する必要に迫られます。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">こうして、土壌中のバクテリアは、糞尿中のバクテリアから抗生物質への耐性を獲得していきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、このような耐性を持つバクテリア (薬剤耐性菌) やその遺伝子、さらには抗生物質そのものが、作物の根から吸収され、恐ろしいことに、私たちが食べる部分にまで取り込まれていってしまうのです。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>家畜に使われている抗生物質の27種類の分類のうち、20種類は人間の医療でも使われていて</strong>、その中には「最後の砦」とされる非常に貴重な薬剤も含まれています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>つまり、これが何を意味するのかと言うと&#8230;</p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>私たちが抗生物質で治す必要がある病気にかかったとき、すでに体の中に「抗生物質が効かない菌（耐性菌）」が入ってきていると、薬が効かなくなってしまうということです！</strong></p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>すでにヨーロッパでは、年間2万5,000人が薬剤耐性菌による感染で死亡していると推計されていて、世界全体では何十万人もの命が奪われていると言われています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>このような理由から、科学者や医師たちは政府に対してこの危機への対応を懇願しているのですが、悲しいことに、今後15年間で、家畜に対する抗生物質の使用量はさらに3分の2増えると予測されています。💦</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">地球上の哺乳類の比率</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JIM.jpg" alt="" style="width:409px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jim</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">今回ジョージさんがこの本の中で提示しているデータの中で、個人的にいちばん衝撃的だったのが、哺乳類の比率。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">地球上の哺乳類を「体重ベース」で比較すると、現在なんと&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>👉</strong> <strong>人間が36%、家畜が60%、野生動物はたったの4% !!!</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、私たち人間と、食用として飼育されている動物たちが、地球上の哺乳類の大部分を占めてしまっているということになります。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">もし私たちが「自然と共に生きている」なんて思っているんだとしたら、とんでもないです。実際には、自然をほとんど消費し尽くしてしまっているのです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>当然のことながら、私たちがたくさんの土地を使えば使うほど、他の生きものが住める場所や、地球のバランスを保つために必要な自然がどんどん削られていきますし、特に家畜を育てている場所では、大きな肉食動物が殺されています。<br><br><br><br><strong>畜産が、そうした動物たちが減っている一番の理由なんです!!!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>さらにショックだった内容が、EU（欧州連合）における補助金のルール。<br><br><br>EUでは、土地が「農業利用可能な状態」にあることが、補助金を受け取る条件となっているのですが、これは必ずしもその土地で「食料を生産している」という意味ではありません。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">国によっては、実際に何も生産していなくても、土地を「農業利用可能な状態」、つまり<strong>ほとんど何もない状態</strong>に保っていれば、満額の補助金を受け取ることができるのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、「野生生物のすみか」と呼べるような再生中の森や放牧されていない湿地などが敷地内にあると、EUの主要補助制度である&nbsp;&#8220;Basic Payment Scheme&#8221;&nbsp;の対象から外れてしまいます。<br><br>そのため、補助金を受け取るために、農家たちは自然を一掃してしまうのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>全く、気が狂っているとしか言いようがありません。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">大企業による独占が「多様性」を破壊する</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/james-baltz.jpg" alt="" style="width:453px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by james-baltz</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">上で述べたような哺乳類の生物多様性の縮小は、微生物や昆虫に加え、農作物や穀物にも及んでいます。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">グローバル化によってさまざまなものが世界中に届けられるようになった結果、各国の食生活が似通ってきたことにより、それを支える農業のあり方も似通うようになり、深刻な問題が起きています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ジョージさんによると、大豆や小麦、トウモロコシなど、特定の作物だけを大量に育てる「モノカルチャー」農業では、生態系が単純化されてしまい、病気や気候変動に対して脆くなるそうです。<br><br><br><br>ある種類の作物が病気になれば、世界中で同じことが起こり、食糧危機につながってしまいますし、高速でモノが流通するグローバルな貿易ネットワークは、病原体も同じように世界中に広げてしまうのです。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">世界中で同じ除草剤が使われて同じ作物が育てられていることで、除草剤に耐性を持つ &#8220;スーパー雑草&#8221; まで世界中に出現し始めているそうです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらに恐ろしいのは、食生活の均一化にともなって農法も画一化し、それに乗じて巨大企業がグローバル化を加速させ、小さな競合を次々に潰しているという現実。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>種子・機械・農薬などの「ユニバーサル商品」を扱う大企業は、市場を支配することで政治的な力を持つようになり、その富を使って政府に働きかけ、貿易協定を自分たちに有利な形に変えていってしまうのです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>彼らは、種子や家畜品種、農薬、機械などの分野で次々と特許を取得し、企業同士の合併や買収も認可されることで、製品に対する支配力をさらに強めていきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>現在、世界の穀物取引の約90％が、わずか4社の巨大企業によって支配されていると推定されています。</strong>💦<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">土は耕さない？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beeki.jpg" alt="" style="width:430px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Beech</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">農業というと、まず「土を耕す」というイメージを持つ人が多いと思います。<br><br><br>しかし、ジョージさんのこの本では、<strong>実はその耕すという行為こそが、土壌の生命を破壊し、気候変動や生物多様性の喪失を引き起こす原因になっている</strong>と指摘されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>耕すことで特に影響を受けるのは、次の3つ。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">⚫ <strong>土壌中のバクテリアのネットワーク</strong><br>土の中には根とつながる菌糸など、大事な生き物がたくさん生息していますが、耕すとそれが壊れ、植物が栄養をうまく取れず、病気にもなりやすくなります。<br><br>⚫ <strong>土壌の構造</strong><br>土は耕すことによって一見柔らかくなるように思えますが、微生物やミミズが作った自然なすき間が壊れて、かえって土が固まりやすくなります。すると水が染み込みにくくなり、根腐れや乾燥が起きるなど、悪循環になってしまいます。<br><br>⚫ <strong>大気中にCO₂が出る</strong><br>土壌にはもともと炭素がたくさん蓄えられていて、植物の根や落ち葉、動植物の死骸が分解された有機物として存在しています。けれど、耕すことで酸素が入り込み、バクテリアが活発になって炭素をどんどん分解し、CO₂として大気中に放出されてしまいます。つまり、耕すことは温暖化を進める原因にもなります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>以上のことから、ジョージさんは、耕すことを当たり前とする農業のやり方を根本から見直し、「<strong>土壌を壊さない農業こそが、地球を修復する鍵だ</strong>」と訴えています。<br><br><br><br>土を耕さないやり方には、「ノー・ティル農法」と呼ばれるものがあり、これは土をひっくり返さずに、枯れ草や前の作物の残りで土を覆って守る方法です。さらには、トラクターで耕す代わりに、土に小さな穴をあけて種をまく専用の機械を使います。<br><br><br>こうすれば、土壌中の生態系を壊さずに、自然のプロセスに任せて作物を育てることができるそうです。<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">将来への希望</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M_wie_Moehre-1.jpg" alt="" style="width:428px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by M_wie_Moehre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ジョージさんは、現在の農業のあり方を根本的に変えなければならないと述べていますが、その中で注目しているのが、バクテリアを使って畑や牧場を使わずにタンパク質などの栄養を作る技術。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">作物が育つには何ヶ月もかかりますが、タンクの中で育てるバクテリアは、わずか3時間で倍に増えるそうです。環境さえ整っていれば、なんと1日に8回も収穫できるそうなんです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>この技術が広がれば、食料の多くを「<strong>農場なし</strong> (<strong>farmfree</strong>)」で作ることができる時代がやってきます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">バクテリアの粉は、電気さえあればどこでも作ることができるため、現在、貧しい国々での発展が期待されている再生可能エネルギーを活用できれば、大きな可能性が広がります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ちなみに、植物由来の代替肉は、すでに動物の肉に比べて環境への負担がかなり少なく、ある研究では、<strong>温室効果ガスの排出量が鶏肉より34%、牛肉より93%も少ない</strong>という結果が出ています。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その理由はというと、大豆などを動物に食べさせて肉にするのではなく、私たちが直接食べるからです。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この技術が使われるようになれば、必要な土地は鶏肉の6割、牛肉の2%で済むことになり、水も、肥料も、農薬も、ずっと少なくて済みます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">こうやって、肉が植物タンパクに、さらに植物タンパクが微生物タンパクに置き換わっていけば、farmfree 食材の方が、安くて、質が良くて、体にもいい…という状況になります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>そして何よりも、森林伐採や牧草地拡大による環境破壊を防ぎ、家畜に頼らない持続可能な食料システムが実現できれば、森や湿地、草原などの生態系が復元され、生物多様性が回復し、自然の調和の復活へとつながるわけです。</strong><br><br><br></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>というわけで、最後まで読んでいただき、ありがとうございました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/regenesis-english/">Regenesis Book Summary: How George Monbiot Rethinks Agriculture and Soil</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<item>
		<title>Ken Saro-Wiwa: Key Lessons from Silence Would Be Treason — Book Summary &#038; Review</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 07:01:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20984</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ken Saro-Wiwa was a brave activist who fought for the rights of the Ogoni people in Nigeria, standing up against powerful forces like Shell Oil. ”Silence Would Be Treason” tells his story and the important lessons we can learn from his fight for justice and environmental protection.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book I’m introducing today is <em>&#8220;<strong>Silence Would Be Treason</strong>&#8220;</em>, which tells the story of Ken Saro-Wiwa — a Nigerian hero who was both a writer and an environmental activist.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ken-sarowiwa.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20940" style="width:207px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This book contains letters and poems left behind by Saro-Wiwa, who risked his life fighting against Shell to protect the environment and human rights of the Ogoni people, his homeland.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Behind the consumer lifestyles we take for granted, what is really happening in other parts of the world? I believe more people should know about Ken Saro-Wiwa to understand that reality.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-7"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-7">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Afterword</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Letters from Prison</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">To End With</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Afterword</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="369" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20943" style="width:466px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler-300x217.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marc Rentschler</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I’d like to begin with the afterword, as it left the strongest impression on me.<br><br><br>After finishing this book, I expected that Ken Saro-Wiwa’s powerful message would eventually reach the world — but the story does not end in a hopeful or happy way.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Ken Saro-Wiwa and his fellow activists gave their lives to stand up to the oil companies, but sadly, <strong>the problems they fought against remain unresolved nearly 30 years after their deaths.</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria, where the Ogoni people live and where the activists carried out their movement, oil spills continue to this day. Residents still eat crops grown in contaminated soil, consume fish from polluted waters, and drink water from wells poisoned by oil.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As a result, many people are suffering from serious health problems.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Shell, which has been operating in this region since the British colonial era, continues to extract massive amounts of oil every day through its pipeline network. However, these pipelines are now old and deteriorating, leading to constant oil leaks — and yet Shell has made little to no effort to fix the problem.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Prioritising corporate profits over human rights is a typically arrogant attitude often displayed by ultra-rich corporations.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Letters from Prison</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20944" style="width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by patrick489</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>&#8220;SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON&#8221;</em> is essentially <strong>a collection of letters</strong> that Ken Saro-Wiwa wrote from prison to Sister Majella.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Sister Majella, an Irish Roman Catholic nun, spent many years working on social and environmental issues in Nigeria. Thanks to her decision to keep Saro-Wiwa’s letters after his death, this book was eventually published.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, she was one of the few people who tried to bring his voice to the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The letters written by Saro-Wiwa are not just updates or simple correspondence — <strong>they are filled with his inner thoughts while in prison, his love for his family and comrades, his political philosophy and beliefs, and his deep anger at injustice in the legal system.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>These are just small samplings, but I’d like to share a few passages that personally stood out to me.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I&#8217;m not worried for myself. When I undertook to confront Shell &amp; the Nigerian establishment, I signed my death warrant, so to speak. (date unknown)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At this point, Saro-Wiwa was 52 years old. He was under constant surveillance by two armed guards, with no access to news, radio, or books. It’s clear that he had already come to terms with the fact that he might die.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Freedom can be quite expensive or cheap depending on how you look at it. To those who have freedom, it&#8217;s cheap; those of us who lack it, pay a lot to get just a bit. (1st October 1994)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the time, most of the MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) executive committee had either been imprisoned or were facing arrest warrants.<br><br>The Ogoni people had their salaries cut off and were forced to survive by relying on their dwindling savings. Saro-Wiwa wrote this letter during that desperate period.<br><br><br>What was going on in your life when all this was happening?<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹This may not sound very nice, and most people around me do not want to hear it (so don&#8217;t tell Hauwa), but I have assumed for quite some time that death cannot be very far away from me. (29th October 1994)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This is an excerpt from a letter he wrote about a year before his execution.<br><br>He wrote about the speech he hoped to give if he ever got his freedom back, and the importance of helping train young people in the Ogoni community.<br>As you read it, you can tell he was holding onto his beliefs—but also that he somehow knew he didn’t have much time left.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I thought that I&#8217;d remain in captivity until God should have used that fact to make the Ognoi cause better known and pave the way for solving some of the many problems which confront the Ognoi people and similar groups in Nigeria, if not the African continent. (21st March 1995)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the time, nine Ogoni leaders, including him, were being held in custody without a fair legal process, and international criticism was growing louder and louder.<br><br>In the letter, he wrote that being detained might actually help draw global attention to the Ogoni cause — and that it could be a valuable opportunity to raise awareness about the issue.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹No, one cannot allow the fear of death to dent one&#8217;s belief and actions. (19th June 1995)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>With the death sentence looking more and more certain, these words really show just how strong and unbreakable his spirit was.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">To End With</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20954" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by FreeCreativeStuff</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What struck me while reading this book was the fact that our “happiness” and “convenient lifestyles” are often built at the expense of people in other countries.<br><br>Still, we go on complaining about small things, taking so much for granted.<br><br><br>We rarely stop to think about where the things we own actually come from — and that’s why we often fail to realise just how fortunate we really are.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At the end of the day, so much of our fate comes down to the simple accident of where we’re born. Whether the justice sought by those fighting powerful, greed-driven forces ever reaches us depends on one thing: whether we—who benefit from those very powers—are willing to face the truth, or whether we choose to keep looking away in guilt until it becomes our problem too.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Finally, I found a video about <strong>Ken Saro-Wiwa</strong>, so I’m sharing it here.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Faces Of Africa  Ken Saro-Wiwa: All For My People" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FcJIaSw8-98?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason/">ケン・サロ＝ウィワとは誰か？ ナイジェリアの環境活動家が命をかけた闘いと『Silence Would Be Treason』</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>ケン・サロ＝ウィワとは誰か？ ナイジェリアの環境活動家が命をかけた闘いと『Silence Would Be Treason』</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2025 17:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20939</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[石油開発の裏で何が起きていたのか。
ナイジェリアの作家であり環境活動家だったケン・サロ＝ウィワは、自らの命をかけて声を上げました。彼が遺した手紙や詩を通して、私たちが見過ごしている「犠牲」の存在を考えます。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介するのは、作家で環境活動家でもあったナイジェリアの英雄<strong>ケン・サロ＝ウィワ</strong>さんに関する書籍<em>『<strong>SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON</strong>』</em>（邦題をつけるとしたら「黙っているのは裏切りも同然だ！」）です。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ken-sarowiwa.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20940" style="width:207px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼の地元であるオゴニ族の人々が暮らす地域の環境と人権を守るために、シェル石油と命がけで闘ったサロ＝ウィワさんの遺した手紙や詩が収められています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">私たちが当たり前に享受している消費社会の暮らしの裏で、他の国では何が起きているのか? それを知るためにも、彼の存在はもっと多くの人に知られるべきだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><div class="ad-area no-icon ad-shortcode ad-rectangle ad-label-visible cf" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPAdBlock">
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-8"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-8">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">「あとがき」</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">獄中での手紙のやりとり</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">最後に</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">「あとがき」</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="369" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20943" style="width:476px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/marc-rentschler-300x217.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marc Rentschler</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">個人的に「あとがき」の部分が印象に残っているので、そこから入らせていただきます。<br><br><br>この本を最後まで読んで、主人公であるサロ＝ウィワさんが処刑され、彼のメッセージが世界に届くのかと思いきや、物語は決してハッピーエンドではありませんでした。<br><br><br><br>サロ＝ウィワさんと彼の仲間たちは命を犠牲にしてまで石油会社に立ち向かいましたが、残念ながら、<strong>問題は彼らの死後30年近く経った現在も解決されていません。</strong><br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">彼らが活動を繰り広げたナイジェリア南部のデルタ地帯（川が海に流れ込む河口付近の地形）にあるオゴニ族が暮らす地域では、オイルの流出はいまだに止まっておらず、そこで暮らす住民たちは、汚染された土壌で育った作物を食べ、汚染された水で育った魚を食べ、さらにオイルに汚染された井戸水を飲んで生活しています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その結果、多くの人が深刻な健康被害に苦しんでいます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>大英帝国の時代からこの地域で活動してきたシェル石油は、パイプラインを使って毎日とてつもない量の石油を発掘しています。しかし、長年使用されて古くなったそのパイプラインは、石油が漏れ放題になってしまっているのにも関わらず、シェルはそれを解決しようともしません。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>人権を無視し、会社の利益を優先するこの姿勢は、巨額の富を持つ企業による典型的な傲慢さの表れといえます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">獄中での手紙のやりとり</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20944" style="width:494px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/patrick489-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by patrick489</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さて、この<em>『SILENCE WOULD BE TREASON』</em>は、サロ＝ウィワさんが獄中でマジェラさん宛に書いた<strong>手紙の選集</strong>とも言えます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">マジェラさんは、アイルランド出身のローマ・カトリックの修道女で、長年ナイジェリアで社会正義や環境問題に取り組んできた人物でもあり、彼女がサロ＝ウィワさんの死後も手紙を保管してきたことで、この本の出版が実現しました。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、世界に彼の声を届けようと努力した、数少ない人物の一人です。<br><br><br><br><br>サロ＝ウィワさんの手紙に関してですが、その中身はただの連絡や報告ではなく、<strong>獄中で過ごす彼の心情、家族や仲間への思い、自信が持っている政治哲学と信念、法の不正への怒り</strong>などが詰まっています。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ここで、つまみ食い的なものとなりますが、個人的に印象に残った部分をいくつかフィーチャーしておきます。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I&#8217;m not worried for myself. When I undertook to confront Shell &amp; the Nigerian establishment, I signed my death warrant, so to speak. (年月不明）</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この時、サロ＝ウィワさんは52歳。武装した２人のガードに24時間見張られて、ニュースやラジオ、本を読むことも許されていない状態。すでに死を覚悟しているのがうかがえます。<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Freedom can be quite expensive or cheap depending on how you look at it. To those who have freedom, it&#8217;s cheap; those of us who lack it, pay a lot to get just a bit. (1994年10月1日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People) の委員会のメンバーのほとんどは牢屋にブチこまれているか、警察からの逮捕状が出ている状態。<br><br>そしてオゴニ族の人々は、仕事先からの給料がストップされ、貯金を切り崩しながら何とか生活を続けている。上は、そんな時期に彼が送った手紙の内容の一部。<br><br>この時期のあなたはどこで何をしていましたか？<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹This may not sound very nice, and most people around me do not want to hear it (so don&#8217;t tell Hauwa), but I have assumed for quite some time that death cannot be very far away from me. (1994年10月29日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼が処刑される約1年ぐらい前の手紙の内容の一部。<br><br>もし自由の身であったならこういうスピーチをしたい、オゴニ族の若い人たちをトレーニングしなくては&#8230; という思考の中で、自らの信念や政治的・倫理的メッセージを語ると同時に、自身の死が近づいているのを感じ取っているのが分かります。<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹I thought that I&#8217;d remain in captivity until God should have used that fact to make the Ognoi cause better known and pave the way for solving some of the many problems which confront the Ognoi people and similar groups in Nigeria, if not the African continent. (1995年3月21日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼を含むオゴニ族のリーダー9名が、拘束されたまま不透明な法的手続きが進行していて、国際社会からも強い批判が高まっていた時期。<br><br>この手紙の中では、自分が拘束されていることがむしろ国際社会の関心を集め、オゴニの問題を広めるのに良い機会になるだろうと言っています。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹No, one cannot allow the fear of death to dent one&#8217;s belief and actions. (1995年6月19日)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>死刑判決の可能性がかなりの確率で濃厚になっていた時期、上の言葉は、まさに彼のの不屈の精神を表しています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">最後に</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20954" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FreeCreativeStuff-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by FreeCreativeStuff</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この本を読んで僕が痛感したのは、私たちの「幸せ」や「便利な暮らし」は、どこか別の国の犠牲の上に成り立っているという事実です。それにもかかわらず、私たちは日々、当たり前のように不満をこぼしながら暮らしています。<br><br><br>私たちは、普段の生活で、自分が持っているモノがどこから来たのか、いちいち考えることはほとんどないので、自分がどれほど恵まれた立場にいるかに気づいていません。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>結局のところ、人の運命は「どこで生まれたか」によって大きく左右され、欲に満ちた大きな力と闘っている人々の正義が私たちに届くかどうかは、その力の恩恵を受けている私たちが、真実に目を向けようとするか、それとも自分に害が及ぶまで、罪悪感を感じつつも無視をキメこむかにかかっている、と思いました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>最後に<strong>ケン・サロ＝ウィワ</strong>さんに関する映像を見つけたので、ここに載せておきます。</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Faces Of Africa  Ken Saro-Wiwa: All For My People" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FcJIaSw8-98?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/silence-would-be-treason-english/">Ken Saro-Wiwa: Key Lessons from Silence Would Be Treason — Book Summary &amp; Review</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Who Rules the World? Summary &#038; Key Takeaways from Noam Chomsky’s Book</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 20:39:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20753</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What’s really behind U.S. power? Here’s a quick look at Chomsky’s take in Who Rules the World?]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br><br><br>The book I’m introducing today is <em>&#8220;<strong>Who Rules the World</strong>&#8220;</em>, written by <strong>Noam Chomsky</strong>, the famous American thinker known for his work in politics, language, and academia.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="425" height="627" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20194" style="width:215px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg 425w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1-203x300.jpg 203w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I picked up this book after seeing it quoted in the introduction of <em>&#8220;<a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/how-they-broke-britain/">How They Broke Britain</a>&#8220;</em> by LBC radio host James O&#8217;Brien.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On top of that, Chomsky’s name keeps coming up on the political YouTube channels I watch, so I’ve been wanting to read one of his books for a while.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Noam Chomsky’s book <em>&#8220;Who Rules the World?&#8221;</em> reveals the policies and actions of the US government, and due to America’s strong influence in regions like the Middle East, including Israel, the book is reportedly restricted or banned in some areas.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you want to understand how the United States has built systems behind the scenes to control other countries, this book is a perfect read.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-9"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-9">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">The US Truly Believes It Owns the World</a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">A Case from the Republican Party</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">A Case from the Democratic Party</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">Is Democracy Inconvenient for the US?</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">How the US Applies a Double Standard on Palestine</a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>The Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>The Oslo Accords</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0"><strong>The PLO, the PA, and Hamas</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">Wrapping Up</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">The US Truly Believes It Owns the World</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="387" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20604" style="width:420px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by jakob-owens</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>&#8220;The right to dominate is a leading principle of US foreign policy found almost everywhere, though typically concealed in defensive terms&#8221; </em> <br>(A quote from Chapter 8)<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Reading this book by Chomsky helps you understand that US policy, regardless of whether it&#8217;s led by Democrats or Republicans, is driven by an almost pathological obsession with the idea that <strong>they have the right to rule the world</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I used to think that Democratic leaders, including President Obama, had at least a bit more moral conscience than their Republican counterparts. But in reality, they’ve done equally—if not moreーruthless things.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">No matter which party holds power—the Democrats or the Republicans—it&#8217;s clear that the US has consistently intervened in regions around the world to prioritise its own interests in terms of resources, military, and economy.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>Here are a few examples&#8230;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">A Case from the Republican Party</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20610" style="width:432px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Richard Nixon</strong> (1969–1974)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During the Cold War, Nixon focused heavily on preventing the spread of communism.<br><br>One of the most striking examples was in Chile, where socialist president Salvador Allende won a democratic election and began nationalising mines, banks, and key industries. <br><br>This alarmed the US, which feared a threat to its own economic interests. Nixon’s administration backed the opposition and supported a CIA-led plan for a military coup—eventually leading to the rise of General Pinochet’s dictatorship.<br><br><br>During the Vietnam War, the US essentially treated democracy as a dangerous contagion—especially when it emerged in places not aligned with American interests. <br><br>Fearing that the &#8216;virus&#8217; might spread, they launched secret bombing campaigns in Cambodia and Laos—countries not directly involved in the war—as a kind of political &#8216;inoculation&#8217;. Countless civilians were killed in the process.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Ronald Regan</strong>（1981-1989）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Like other Cold War-era presidents, Reagan claimed to be defending democracy—but what that actually meant was keeping authoritarian regimes in power across Central and South America.<br><br><br>In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) overthrew a dictatorship in Nicaragua and established a leftist, socialist-leaning government that pushed for land reform and anti-poverty programs. Reagan, seeing this as a threat, supported the Contra rebels who aimed to topple the Sandinistas.<br><br>Even though the Contras were known for serious human rights abuses, including massacres of civilians, the Reagan administration defended them as &#8216;freedom fighters&#8217;.<br><br><br>Similarly, the US backed a brutal military regime in El Salvador and turned a blind eye to civilian killings. In Guatemala, the Reagan administration praised a military dictatorship as a &#8216;leader of democracy&#8217;, despite its role in the slaughter of around 150,000 Indigenous Maya people.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>George W. Bush</strong> (2001–2009)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">George W. Bush is best known as the US President during the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.<br><br>After accusing the Taliban of sheltering Osama bin Laden, the US invaded Afghanistan. Bin Laden, however, escaped, and the war resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians.<br><br><br>In Iraq, Bush claimed that Saddam Hussein&#8217;s regime possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and could provide them to terrorists. Despite lacking concrete evidence, the US went to war. It was later revealed that there were no WMDs, leaving Iraq devastated and without any meaningful post-war support.<br><br><br>Regarding Palestine, Bush signed a $30 billion, 10-year military aid deal with Israel, enabling it to enhance its military capabilities with fighter jets and missile defense systems, further intensifying pressure on the Palestinian territories.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">A Case from the Democratic Party</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20611" style="width:450px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>John F. Kennedy</strong> (1961–1963) </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">John F. Kennedy became president shortly after Fidel Castro successfully led a revolution in Cuba, overthrowing a pro-American dictator.<br><br><br>Due to Castro’s growing ties with the Soviet Union, Kennedy authorised a CIA-backed plan originally developed under President Eisenhower, in which Cuban exiles were trained to invade Cuba and topple Castro’s regime. (The mission ultimately failed.)<br><br><br>Kennedy also escalated US involvement in the Vietnam War, laying the groundwork for deeper American entanglement in the conflict.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Bill Clinton</strong> (1993–2001)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, ethnic Albanian armed groups clashed with Serbian forces over Kosovo’s independence. In response, Clinton launched a &#8220;humanitarian intervention&#8221; and authorised NATO airstrikes on Serbia without UN approval. These bombings resulted in a large number of civilian casualties.<br><br><br>Clinton also maintained the devastating economic sanctions against Iraq originally imposed by George H. W. Bush. These sanctions contributed to the deaths of over 500,000 Iraqi children—a tragedy his administration notoriously defended as an acceptable price to pay.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Barack Obama</strong> (2009–2017)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Despite his image as a peace-driven leader—and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate—Barack Obama’s administration oversaw <strong>a dramatic expansion of military interventions</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2011, inspired by the Arab Spring—a wave of pro-democracy movements across North Africa—a popular uprising broke out in Libya, where freedom of speech was heavily suppressed under Muammar Gaddafi’s dictatorship. <br><br>When Gaddafi responded with violent repression, the US under Obama—along with France and the UK—launched NATO airstrikes, citing a &#8216;humanitarian intervention&#8217;. Gaddafi was overthrown, but—as with the Kosovo bombings under Clinton or the Iraq War under George W. Bush—there was no serious post-conflict planning.<br><br><br>As a result, Libya descended into civil war, with armed groups taking control and widespread human trafficking becoming rampant—turning the country into a failed state.<br><br><br>President Obama also significantly escalated the use of drone strikes, which were often carried out indiscriminately. As a result, many civilians were killed in countries such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia.<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hence, as the examples above illustrate, this has little to do with whether Republicans or Democrats are in power.</strong><br><br><br><br>As mentioned earlier, the US government fundamentally operates on the principle that&#8230;<br><br> &#8216;<strong>the world is, in effect, America&#8217;s property, and that this is a natural and unquestionable right</strong>&#8216;. <br><br><br><br>From this perspective, the large-scale use of American military force around the world is entirely justified. Since the US sees itself as an inherent force for &#8220;good&#8221;, any resistance to its dominance is automatically framed as &#8216;evil&#8217;.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">Is Democracy Inconvenient for the US?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20605" style="width:464px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Image by Herney</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As discussed in the previous section, the US has actively worked to suppress the growth of democracy in other nations, using military force, economic pressure, and diplomatic interference.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the root of this lies a mindset similar to that of the former British Empire’s colonialism&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a structure in which resources are extracted from other countries, turned into products using domestic technology, and then sold back to those same countries for maximum profit.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>American corporations have expanded into resource-rich regions such as South America and the Middle East, exploiting resources like oil, minerals, and agricultural products.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But when democratic governments take power, they tend to put their people&#8217;s needs first, and that can hinder the dominance of American corporations.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>To prevent such outcomes, the US government has supported authoritarian regimes and removed unfavorable governments through military coups and covert operations.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Examples of U.S. Government Covert Operations</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One particularly memorable example of covert operations is the story told by Alfredo Vásquez Carrizosa, who served as Colombia’s foreign minister in the 1970s.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to him, the &#8216;National Security Doctrine&#8217; introduced by the Kennedy administration in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Colombia transformed regular domestic armies into counterinsurgency forces and gave the military the authority to fight and eliminate so-called &#8216;internal enemies&#8217;.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term &#8216;enemy&#8217; referred to individuals such as <strong>social workers</strong>, <strong>labour union members</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>ordinary citizens who refused to conform to the regime</strong>. <br><br>Vásquez Carrizosa, a prominent human rights advocate, reported that even he feared for his life under such conditions.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">These operations were carried out covertly through the CIA and military advisers, leaving little trace in official records, which allowed the U.S. government to publicly deny any involvement.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹The US Helped Create the Terrorists</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Noam Chomsky argues that US foreign policy and military actions have fueled anti-American sentiment and, as a result, contributed to the emergence of new terrorist organisations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, as mentioned earlier, during the presidency of George W. Bush, the United States invaded Iraq on the suspicion that it possessed weapons of mass destruction. The Saddam Hussein regime was overthrown, but the country fell into a state of anarchy.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This led to a rise in anti-American sentiment, and some former members of Hussein’s military and Sunni factions became armed anti-American groups. As is well known, this eventually resulted in the emergence of the international terrorist organisation <strong>ISIS</strong> (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria).<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Furthermore, <strong>the expansion of indiscriminate drone attacks during the Obama administration</strong> has also played a role in the creation of new terrorists.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While the targets are labeled as &#8216;terrorists&#8217;, many innocent civilians, including villagers and children, are often caught in the crossfire. In one report, it was revealed that in Pakistan, when the US targeted Taliban and al-Qaeda members, <strong>28 civilians were killed for every one target eliminated</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These drone strikes have targeted events such as weddings and village meetings, so it’s no surprise that grieving families and ordinary civilians begin to see America as their enemy.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">As a result, a cycle is created in which <strong>young people are recruited by extremist groups and join terrorist organisations out of a desire for revenge.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">How the US Applies a Double Standard on Palestine</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20606" style="width:470px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by hosnysalah</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The topic of Palestine comes up frequently throughout the book. Chomsky strongly criticises the United States for using ideals like &#8216;human rights&#8217; and &#8216;democracy&#8217; as tools to justify foreign interventions, while actually manipulating those ideals to fit its own selfish goals.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The United States criticises human rights violations when they are committed by its adversaries, but supports or overlooks the same actions when they are carried out by its allies. (This is a clear double standard!)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>So in the end,<strong> it’s clear that the United States has continually backed Israel, no matter the circumstances</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Despite violating international law, Israel&#8217;s settlement activities have continued for decades, gradually encroaching on Palestinian land. While the United States expresses concern on the surface, it continues to support Israel through military and diplomatic aid. <br><br>(A film <em>&#8216;No Other Land&#8217;</em> is a recommended documentary on this topic.)<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>The Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="428" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png" alt="" class="wp-image-20688" style="width:384px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map-300x252.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Before we move on, let&#8217;s quickly go over the history of how Palestine became divided into the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">① Before the establishment of Israel in 1948, the region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled since the 16th century and was known for its tolerance towards different ethnic and religious groups. Arabs (mostly Muslims), along with Christians and Jews, lived together in the same area.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">② However, during World War I, Britain made two conflicting promises: it pledged to support the creation of an independent Arab state in return for Arab opposition to the Ottoman Empire, while also promising the Jewish people a &#8216;national homeland&#8217; in the same region as a way to gain financial and political support. These contradictory commitments were clearly incompatible.<br><br><br><br>③ After the war, Britain, as one of the victorious nations, was granted a mandate by the League of Nations to govern Palestine. During this time, many Jews who were being persecuted in Europe began immigrating to Palestine, inspired by the ideals of the Zionist movement.<br><br><br><br>④ As a result, tensions rose between the Arab and Jewish communities. Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain control, so the issue was handed over to the United Nations, which proposed a<strong> partition plan for Palestine</strong> in 1947.<br><br><br><br>⑤ However, just before the end of British rule in 1948, <strong>Israel unilaterally declared its independence</strong>.<br><br><br><br>⑥ This prompted military intervention by surrounding Arab nations—including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq—and triggered the <strong>First Arab-Israeli War</strong>.<br><br><br><br>⑦ The outcome was that Egypt occupied the <strong>Gaza Strip</strong> and Jordan took control of the <strong>West Bank</strong>, causing many Palestinians to become refugees.<br><br><br><br>⑧ Following the outbreak of the Third Arab-Israeli War in 1967,<strong> Israel seized control of both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong>, placing both territories under Israeli military occupation.<br><br><br><br>⑨ In 1993, with the involvement of the United States, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Oslo Accords</strong> were established, creating a framework aimed at achieving Palestinian autonomy.<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7"><strong>The Oslo Accords</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="272" height="185" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/wiki.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20615" style="width:328px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat<br>image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Oslo Accords, with Bill Clinton standing behind both leaders, arms spread wide as if to declare the US a peacemaker to the world, appeared to be a peace framework. <br><br><strong>But Chomsky sees it</strong> <strong>not as the end of the occupation, but as a new way to maintain Israeli control over the territories</strong>.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In <em>Who Rules the World?</em>, Chomsky points out that the Oslo Accords did not include any concrete plan for the creation of a future Palestinian state, effectively leaving space for Israel to expand its settlements and construct barriers. He harshly criticises the accelerated expansion of Jewish settlements in the West Bank after the accords, which he says took place with the silent approval of the United States.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Looking at the current situation in Palestine, it’s pretty obvious that while the U.S. claims to be a mediator, it has consistently acted in favor of Israel—just like Chomsky says.<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8"><strong>The PLO, the PA, and Hamas</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="341" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20693" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics-300x201.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by DEZALB</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I’d like to take this opportunity to go over the political situation in Palestine here.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️<strong> PLO</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a coalition of various Palestinian groups, established in 1964. It was led by Chairman Yasser Arafat, who famously shook hands with the Israeli representative during the Oslo Accords.<br><br><br>The PLO is officially recognised by the international community as <strong>the representative body of the Palestinian people</strong> and primarily handles diplomatic negotiations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Fatah</strong>, the political party founded by Arafat, holds the leading position within the PLO.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️<strong> PA</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Palestinian Authority (PA), which was established in 1993 under the Oslo Accords, serves as a provisional self-governing body within the framework of the PLO.<br><br><br>It was created through negotiations between the PLO and Israel, as part of a framework to make the West Bank and Gaza Strip the foundation for a future Palestinian state.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, after the victory of the Islamist political party Hamas in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, a serious political and military conflict broke out between Hamas and the Fatah-led PA. As a result, <strong>the PA now governs only the West Bank</strong>.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">While many members of Fatah are Muslims, the party emphasises Palestinian national independence and self-governance rather than religious-based politics. In contrast, Hamas has a clear ideological goal of establishing an Islamic state based on the teachings of Islam.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ <strong>Hamas</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Hamas is an Islamist organization founded in 1987. It strongly criticises the peace process with Israel and advocates for armed resistance. <br><br><br>After winning the 2006 parliamentary elections, <strong>Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip</strong> following a conflict with the Palestinian Authority and now effectively governs the area.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the West, including the US and EU, Hamas is classified as a terrorist group.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*The ongoing division of Palestinian political parties since 2007 has been advantageous for Israel, allowing the country to prolong peace negotiations by claiming that there is no unified government and it is unclear who they should negotiate with.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">Wrapping Up</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="298" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20716" style="width:476px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary-300x175.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Military_Material</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From Chomsky&#8217;s book, we can see that the &#8216;freedom&#8217; and &#8216;democracy&#8217; that the United States promote are, in reality, used selectively to serve its own interests.<br><br><br>On the surface, the United States acts as a leader in maintaining global order and peace, but behind the scenes, it suppresses people&#8217;s voices through violence, intervention, and silence.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>People like us living in developed countries tend to be less concerned about what’s happening in developing nations, often viewing events in places like Palestine or other countries as&#8230;<br><br>&#8220;stories happening far away in the world&#8221;. <br><br><br>As a result, we fail to realise that the things we casually use and the conveniences we enjoy are built at the expense of people in those distant countries.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I believe this is the moment for us to reconsider our place in the world and the principles we live by.<br><br><br><br><br>Thank you for reading all the way to the end. <br><br><br><br>Until next time.<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world/">チョムスキーが暴く、アメリカの世界支配の実態</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>チョムスキーが暴く、アメリカの世界支配の実態</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2025 09:18:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20192</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[アメリカは「世界の警察」ではなく、世界を自国の所有物のように扱っている。チョムスキーさんの鋭い分析から、その構造と矛盾が浮かび上がります。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介する洋書は、世界的に知られるアメリカ出身の政治哲学者、言語学者、そして大学の教授でもある<strong>ノーム・チョムスキー</strong>さんによる <em>“<strong>Who rules the World</strong>“</em> です。<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="425" height="627" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20194" style="width:215px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg 425w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1-203x300.jpg 203w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>僕がこの書籍を手に取ったのは、LBCラジオ局のプレゼンターであるジェームズ・オブライエンさんの著書 <em>&#8220;<a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/how-they-broke-britain/">How They Broke Britain</a>&#8220;</em> のイントロで引用されていたことがきっかけ。<br><br><br>さらに、政治関連のYouTubeチャンネルを聴いていると、Chomskyさんの名前が必ず出てくるので、いつか必ず読んでみたいと思っていました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Chomskyさんの著書 <em>&#8220;Who Rules the World?&#8221;</em> は、アメリカ政府がこれまで行ってきた政策や行動を暴露しており、特に中東のイスラエルを含む国々では、アメリカの影響力が強く及んでいるため、販売が制限されていることもあるようです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アメリカが裏でどのような仕組みを作り、他国をコントロールしてきたのかを知りたいのであれば、この本は最適な書籍です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-10"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-10">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">アメリカは、本気で世界が自分たちの所有物だと思っている</a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">共和党の例</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"> 民主党の例</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">民主主義は都合が悪い？</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">パレスチナ問題とアメリカの二重基準</a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>ガザ地区（Gaza Strip）とヨルダン川西岸（West Bank）</strong>&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>オスロ合意</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">PLOとPA、そしてHamas</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">まとめ</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">アメリカは、本気で世界が自分たちの所有物だと思っている</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="387" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20604" style="width:420px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by jakob-owens</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><em>&#8220;The right to dominate is a leading principle of U.S. foreign policy found almost everywhere, though typically concealed in defensive terms&#8221; </em> 「第8章からの引用」<br><br><br><br>チョムスキーさんのこの本を読むと、アメリカという国の政策が、民主党・共和党の違いに関係なく、病気レベルで「<strong>自分たちが世界を支配する権利がある</strong>」という固執した考えに基づいていることが、理解できます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>僕は、オバマ大統領をはじめとする民主党のリーダーたちの方が、共和党のリーダーよりも多少は道徳的な良心を持っていそうなイメージを持っていたのですが、実際はまったくそんなことはなく、冷酷極まりないことばかりやっています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">民主党・共和党のどちらが政権を握ろうとも、アメリカは世界のあらゆる地域に介入して、資源・軍事・経済の面で自国の利益を優先し続けてきたことが分かります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>ここでいくつかの例を挙げておきますと&#8230;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">共和党の例</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20610" style="width:424px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>リチャード・ニクソン</strong>（1969-1974）<br><br>冷戦時代に、共産主義の拡大を防ぐことを最優先する政策をとってきた大統領。<br><br><br>特にチリの社会主義者、サルバドール・アジェンデが選挙で勝利し、鉱山や銀行、主要産業の国有化を進めて社会福祉を強化すると、「これじゃアメリカの利益が損なわれてしまう」ってことで、反アジェンデ側につき、CIAを通じてクーデター計画を支援。結局ピノチェト軍事独裁政権を誕生させてしまいました。<br><br><br>ベトナム戦争の際にも、基本的に「民主主義はアメリカに都合の悪い伝染病」と考えているので、ベトナム戦争に直接関与していないカンボジアとラオスを、予防接種として秘密裏に爆撃を行い、多くの民間人が犠牲になりました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>ロナルド・レーガン</strong>（1981-1989）<br><br>こちらのリーダーも、冷戦時代に「民主主義防衛」を掲げて、中央アメリカや南アメリカでの独裁政権キープのために力を注ぎました。<br><br><br>1979年に中央アメリカのニカラグアで、サンディニスタ民族解放戦線 (FSLN) が当時の独裁政権を破って、社会主義的な左派政権を樹立し、農地改革や貧困対策を進めました。これに対してレーガンは、サンディニスタ政権を転覆させるために、反政府武装勢力 (コントラ) を支援。<br><br>コントラが、民間人虐殺などの人権侵害を繰り返すのに対し、レーガン政権は、彼らを「自由の戦士」として擁護し続けました。<br><br><br>同じような内容で、エルサルバドルでは軍事政権を支援し、民間人虐殺を黙認。さらにグアテマラでも軍事独裁政権を「民主主義の指導者」と称賛して擁護し、約15万人ものマヤ系先住民の虐殺に加担しました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>ジョージ・W・ブッシュ</strong>（2001-2009）<br><br>ジョージ・W・ブッシュと言えば、2001年9月11日に起こった同時多発テロ時の大統領。<br><br><br>アフガニスタンのタリバン政権が、アルカイダの指導者ウサマ・ビン・ラディンをかくまっているとして、アフガニスタンに侵攻。結局、ビン・ラディンは逃げ延び、多くの民間人が犠牲となり、死者は数十万人にも上りました。<br><br><br>イラク侵攻では、サダム・フセイン政権が「大量破壊兵器」を保有し、テロリストに提供する危険があると主張して、証拠もないのに強引に開戦。戦争後は、結局「大量破壊兵器は存在しなかった」ことがわかり、国をボロボロにしただけで、アフターケアもなし。<br><br><br>パレスチナ関連では、イスラエルへの軍事支援として300億ドルの10年間契約を締結し、これによってイスラエルでは戦闘機やミサイル防衛システムの導入などが進んで、パレスチナ問題への圧力を強めました。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"> 民主党の例</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20611" style="width:452px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>ジョン・F・ケネディ</strong>（1961-1963）<br><br>彼が大統領になる少し前に、キューバでフィデル・カストロが革命を起こし、アメリカ寄りの独裁者を追放するのに成功しています。&nbsp;<br><br>このカストロが、ソ連との関係を深めていったために、前任者のアイゼンハワー政権の時に計画された、亡命キューバ人を訓練してキューバに上陸させてカストロ政権を転覆させようという案を実行。（結局失敗）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">あと、ベトナム戦争ではアメリカの関与を拡大し、戦争の泥沼化を促進させました。<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>ビル・クリントン</strong>（1993-2001）<br><br>ユーゴスラビア崩壊後、セルビアからのコソボ独立を求めて、アルバニア系武装組織がセルビア軍と衝突していたのですが、これに対してクリントンは「人道的介入」を掲げて、国連の承認なしにNATO軍を使い、セルビアを空爆。民間人が多数犠牲になりました。<br><br><br>また、ジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ（ジョージ・W・ブッシュの親父）がイラクのサダム・フセイン政権に対して行っていた経済制裁を継続し、その結果、50万人以上のイラクの子どもを死亡させた際に、「その犠牲は正当化できる」なんて発言もしています。<br><br><br><br><br><strong>バラク・オバマ</strong>（2009-2017）<br><br>「平和主義者」「戦争を終わらせる大統領」のイメージで2009年にノーベル平和賞まで受賞していますが、<strong>実際には戦争や軍事介入を大幅に拡大</strong>させています。<br><br><br>2011年、北アフリカで起こった民主化運動「アラブの春」の影響を受けて、言論の自由も制限されていたリビアで反政府デモが発生しました。<br><br>カダフィ独裁政権がこれを武力で弾圧すると、オバマ政権はフランスやイギリスとともに「人道的介入」を名目にNATOによる空爆を実施し、カダフィを排除。しかし、クリントンのコソボ空爆やジョージ・ブッシュのイラク侵攻の時と同じで、介入後にアフターケアをしないので、国は内戦状態に。現在でも武装勢力が支配し、人身売買が横行する「破綻国家」となってしまっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">またオバマ大統領は、ドローン攻撃を大幅に増加させ、それを使って無差別に攻撃するので、パキスタン、イエメン、ソマリアなどで多数の一般市民の犠牲者を出しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>というわけで、上の例からも理解できるように、共和党も民主党も関係ないです。</strong><br><br><br><br>先ほども述べましたが、アメリカ政府は基本的な原則として、「<strong>世界は事実上アメリカの所有物であり、それは当然の権利である</strong>」と考えているので、アメリカにとってアメリカが世界中で大規模な攻撃的軍事力を行使するのはまったく正当なことであり、アメリカ自体が本質的に「善の力」なので、他の国々がそれを邪魔する行為はすべて「悪」とみなされるわけです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">民主主義は都合が悪い？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20605" style="width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Image by Herney</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">上のセクションでも触れたように、アメリカは、軍事・経済・外交のあらゆる手段を駆使して、他国の民主主義の発展を妨害してきました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その根底にあるのは、かつての大英帝国の植民地主義と同様の発想で、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>他国から資源を搾取し、それを利用して自国の技術を駆使して製品を生みだし、それらを再び他国に売りつけて利益を最大化する</strong>&nbsp;</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という構造です。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>アメリカの企業は南アメリカや中東などの資源が豊富な地域に進出して、石油や鉱物、農産物などの資源を搾取してきました。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、そこで民主的な政権が誕生してしまうと、国民の利益が優先されてしまうので、アメリカ企業の支配に歯止めがかかってしまいます。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そうならないためにも、アメリカ政府は独裁政権を支持し、軍事クーデターや秘密工作を通じて、自国にとって都合の悪い政府を排除してきたというわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹アメリカ政府による秘密工作の例</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">秘密工作の例で、特に印象に残っているのが、1970年代にコロンビアの外務大臣を務めたアルフレド・バスケス・カリソサ氏の話。<br><br><br>彼によると、ケネディ政権がブラジル、アルゼンチン、ウルグアイ、そしてコロンビアに導入した「国家安全保障ドクトリン」は、国内の通常の軍隊を対反乱部隊へと変貌させて、軍に「国内の敵」と戦い、抹殺する権利を与えるものだったとのこと。<br><br><br>そして、その「敵」とは<strong>社会福祉活動家、労働組合員、体制に従わない一般市民</strong>を指し、人権活動家であるアルフレド氏自身も命の危険を感じていたと言います。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">こういった作戦は、CIAや軍事顧問団を通じて秘密裏に実施され、公式な記録にはほとんど残らないので、アメリカ政府も表向きは関与を否定することが可能だったというわけです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹テロリストはアメリカが作っている</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">チョムスキーさんは、アメリカの外交政策や軍事行動が、反米感情を高め、結果として新たなテロ組織を生み出していると述べています。<br><br><br>例えば、前にも述べたように、ジョージ・W・ブッシュ大統領の時代に、アメリカは、イラクが大量破壊兵器を保持しているという疑いがあるとしてイラクに侵攻し、サダム・フセイン政権を崩壊させましたが、その結果、国が無政府状態になってしまいました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">これによって国民の反米感情が高まって、旧フセイン政権の軍人やスンニ派勢力の一部が反米武装勢力となり、結果として国際的なテロ組織 &#8220;<strong>ISIS</strong>(Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)&#8221; <strong>が誕生</strong>したのはよく知られています。<br><br><br><br>それと、<strong>オバマ大統領が拡大した無差別ドローン攻撃</strong>も、テロリストが生まれる原因となっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ドローン攻撃の標的は「テロリスト」とされていますが、村人や子供が巻き添えを喰らうケースがかなり多く、パキスタンでタリバン・アルカイダを標的にした際には、<strong>1人のターゲットを殺すために28人の民間人が殺害</strong>されたと報告されています。<br><br><br><br>結婚式や村の集会まで平気で誤爆するので、遺族や地元の一般市民が「アメリカは敵だ」と考えるようになるのは当然です。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">その結果、「<strong>若者が過激派にリクルートされ、復讐のためにテロ組織に参加</strong>」というサイクルが生まれてしまうわけです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">パレスチナ問題とアメリカの二重基準</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20606" style="width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by hosnysalah</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">パレスチナに関する内容はこの本の中で頻繁に出てきますが、チョムスキーさんは、アメリカは「人権」や「民主主義」を掲げて他国に介入しているように見せながら、それらを自分の国に都合のいいように利用してきていると強烈に批判しています。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">アメリカは、自国にとって敵対する国が人権を侵害するような行為をとれば批判し、逆に同盟国が同じ行為をしても、それを支持、または容認します。(二重基準)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>というわけで、結局アメリカは<strong>一貫してイスラエルの立場を擁護</strong>してきているわけです。<br><br><br><br>国際法に違反しているにもかかわらず、イスラエルの入植活動は何十年も続いており、パレスチナの土地を徐々に侵食しています。このような行為に対して、アメリカは表面的には懸念を示しますが、実際のところは軍事支援や外交支援を通じてイスラエルをサポートしています。(映画 No Other Land を観てください。）<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>ガザ地区（Gaza Strip）とヨルダン川西岸（West Bank）</strong>&nbsp;</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="428" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png" alt="" class="wp-image-20688" style="width:380px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map-300x252.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ここで少し復習を兼ねて、パレスチナがどのような経緯で「ガザ地区」と「ヨルダン川西岸」の２つの領域に分かれることになったのかを見ていきます。<br><br><br><br><br><br>① まず、イスラエルが1948年に建国される前はどういう状態だったかというと、この地域は16世紀に建国されて以来、他の民族や宗教にも寛大なオスマン帝国が支配していて、主にアラブ人（ムスリム）、そしてキリスト教徒やユダヤ人もいっしょに住んでいました。<br><br><br><br>② ところが、第一次世界大戦中にイギリスは、オスマン帝国と敵対していたアラブ人に「アラブ独立国家」を約束する一方で、戦費を得る目的もあり、ユダヤ人にはこの地域に「国家的郷土」を築くことを約束しました。これは明らかに矛盾した二重の約束でした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>③ 戦後、勝利国となったイギリスは国際連盟からパレスチナの委任統治権を得ます。その間、ヨーロッパで迫害されていたユダヤ人たちが、シオニズム運動の影響もありパレスチナに移住してきました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>④ これによってアラブ人住民と、ユダヤ人住民との間で対立が起こり、イギリスが統治を続けられなくなったため、問題を国連に委ね、1947年に国連によって<strong>パレスチナ分割案</strong>が出されます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>⑤ ところが1948年、イギリスの統治終了直前に<strong>イスラエルが一方的に建国宣言</strong>。<br><br><br><br>⑥ これによって、周辺のアラブ諸国（エジプト、ヨルダン、シリア、イラクなど）が軍事介入してきて、 <strong>第一次中東戦争</strong>が勃発。<br><br><br><br>⑦ 結果、エジプトが<strong>ガザ地区、</strong>ヨルダンが<strong>ヨルダン川西岸</strong>を占領して、多くのパレスチナ人が難民となってしまいます。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">⑧ その後1967年の第3次中東戦争で、<strong>イスラエルがガザ地区と西岸地区を軍事的に占領</strong>し、両地域ともイスラエルの支配下に置かれることに。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">⑨ 1993年、アメリカが入ってきて、<strong>オスロ合意</strong>によってパレスチナ人の自治を目指す枠組みがスタートされます。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7"><strong>オスロ合意</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="272" height="185" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/wiki.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20615" style="width:320px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">イスラエルのイツハク・ラビン首相（左）とパレスチナ解放機構（PLO）のヤーセル・アラファト議長 image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>このビル・クリントンが両国の代表の後ろで両手を広げ、「アメリカこそ平和の仲介者ですよ〜」と世界にアピールしているような、まるで「平和の枠組み」に見える<strong>オスロ合意は、実は</strong>「<strong>占領の終わり</strong>」<strong>ではなく</strong>、「<strong>イスラエルによる占領を新しい形で維持するための枠組み</strong>」<strong>だった</strong>、とチョムスキーさんは見ています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">彼は『Who Rules the World?』の中で、オスロ合意には将来の「パレスチナ国家」樹立についての具体的な内容が含まれていなく、結果的にイスラエルが入植地の拡大や壁の建設を進める隙を与えていたと指摘しています。特にヨルダン川西岸では、オスロ合意後、アメリカの黙認のもとでユダヤ人による入植が加速したとして、強く批判しています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>今現在のパレスチナの状況を見れば、チョムスキーさんが言うように、アメリカが仲介者という立場をとりながら、常にイスラエル寄りの立場で交渉を進めていたのは明らかですよね。<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">PLOとPA、そしてHamas</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="341" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20693" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics-300x201.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by DEZALB </figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この機会に、パレスチナの政治についても少し整理しておこうと思います。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ PLO（パレスチナ解放機構）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">PLO（パレスチナ解放機構）は、先ほどのオスロ合意の場でイスラエル代表と握手を交わしていたアラファト議長が率いていた、パレスチナの諸組織をまとめた連合体で、1964年に創設されました。<br><br><br>国際社会では「<strong>パレスチナ人全体を代表する公式な組織</strong>」として認識されており、主に外交交渉の役割をやっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アラファトさんが創設した <strong>Fatah</strong> (ファタハ）と呼ばれる政党が、このPLOの中で主導権を握っています。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ PA（パレスチナ自治政府）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">PA（パレスチナ自治政府）は、PLOの枠組みの中で1993年のオスロ合意に基づいて設立された、暫定的な自治政府です。<br><br><br>PLOとイスラエルの交渉により、「ヨルダン川西岸」と「ガザ地区」を将来的なパレスチナ国家の基礎とするための枠組みの一部として設立されました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">しかし、2006年のパレスチナ議会選挙でイスラム主義政党のハマス（Hamas）が勝利したことにより、ファタハを中心とするPAとの間で深刻な政治的・軍事的対立が発生し、<strong>現在PAはヨルダン川西岸のみを統治</strong>しています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">ファタハも構成員の多くはイスラム教徒ですが、宗教に基づく政治ではなく、パレスチナの民族的独立や自治を重視しているのに対し、ハマスは明確にイスラム主義（イスラームの教えを基盤とする国家）を目指す思想を持っています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ ハマス（Hamas）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ハマスは1987年に設立されたイスラム主義組織。イスラエルとの和平プロセスに批判的で、武力による抵抗を掲げています。<br><br><br>2006年の議会選挙でPA内で勝利した後、PAとの対立の末にガザ地区を事実上掌握し、<strong>現在はガザ地区を実効支配</strong>しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">なお、ハマスは欧米諸国（アメリカ・EUなど）ではテロ組織と指定されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>*2007年以降、パレスチナの政党がこのように分裂している状況は、イスラエルにとって都合がよく、「統一政府が存在しない」「誰と交渉すべきかわからない」といった理由を使って、和平交渉を長年引き延ばすことが可能になっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">まとめ</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="298" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20716" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary-300x175.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Military_Material</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">チョムスキーさんの本を読んで見えてくるのは、アメリカが掲げる「自由」や「民主主義」が、実際には自国の利益のために使い分けられているという現実です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">表向きでは、世界の秩序や平和を守るリーダーとして振る舞う一方で、その裏では暴力や介入、そして沈黙によって人々の声を押さえ込んでいるのが理解できます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>先進国に住む私たちは、発展途上国で起きていることに関心を持ちにくく、パレスチナや他の国々での出来事を<br><br>「どこか遠いところで起こっている世界の話」<br><br>と捉えてしまっているため、私たちがふだん何気なく使っているモノや便利さが、そのどこか遠い国の人々の犠牲の上に成り立っている事に気づいていません。<br><br><br><br>今こそ、私たち自身の立ち位置や価値観を見直すことが大切なのではないかと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>最後まで読んでいただきありがとうございました。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world-english/">Who Rules the World? Summary &amp; Key Takeaways from Noam Chomsky’s Book</a></p>
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