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<channel>
	<title>Reading the Planet</title>
	<atom:link href="https://www.konkaz.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
	<description>Learning to understand a changing world. 気候変動・格差・社会の変化について学び共有するブログ</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 08:00:58 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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	<url>https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/cropped-earth-32x32.jpg</url>
	<title>Reading the Planet</title>
	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
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	<item>
		<title>Climate Change Solutions: Mitigation vs Adaptation Explained</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/mitigation-adaptation-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 07:47:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22903</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The difference between climate change mitigation and adaptation, and why we need both to tackle climate change.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are two words we often come across when reading articles about climate change: “<strong>Mitigation</strong>” and “<strong>Adaptation</strong>”.<br><br><br>But what do these two terms actually mean in practice when it comes to tackling climate change?<br><br><br>And why are they often discussed together?<br><br><br><br>In this article, we&#8217;ll look at what mitigation and adaptation, two fundamental approaches to tackling climate change, actually mean and what sort of actions they involve in practice.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What’s the difference between Mitigation and Adaptation?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22877" style="width:466px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>First, <strong>mitigation</strong> means&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Taking action to limit climate change itself. </h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>Specifically, this means reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, this includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as fossil fuel power plants and farms, while switching to renewable energy and improving energy efficiency.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Similarly, protecting the ability of forests, oceans and soils to absorb CO₂ and remove it from the atmosphere is another important part of mitigation.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Under the Paris Agreement, each country is required to set and submit its own greenhouse gas reduction targets and plans for action, known as NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">NDCs&nbsp;are&nbsp;updated&nbsp;every&nbsp;five&nbsp;years,&nbsp;and&nbsp;countries&nbsp;are&nbsp;expected&nbsp;to&nbsp;set&nbsp;increasingly&nbsp;ambitious&nbsp;targets&nbsp;and&nbsp;take&nbsp;action&nbsp;to&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;their&nbsp;greenhouse&nbsp;gas&nbsp;emissions.&nbsp;(However,&nbsp;the&nbsp;progress&nbsp;countries&nbsp;made&nbsp;in&nbsp;submitting&nbsp;their&nbsp;NDCs&nbsp;ahead&nbsp;of&nbsp;last&nbsp;year&#8217;s&nbsp;COP30&nbsp;was&nbsp;far&nbsp;from&nbsp;encouraging&#8230;)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>On the other hand, <strong>adaptation</strong> means&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Taking action to prepare for the impacts of climate change that are already happening or are expected to occur in the future.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>In practice, adaptation means preparing for the various impacts of climate change and reducing the damage they cause.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, we can build flood barriers and improve drainage systems to reduce the damage caused by flooding, or create more green spaces in cities to help reduce heat.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Introducing crops that are more resistant to drought and high temperatures is another form of adaptation.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In other words, it&#8217;s helpful to think of it this way:</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mitigation</strong> → <strong>Tackling the causes of climate change</strong><br><br><strong>Adaptation</strong> → <strong>Dealing with the impacts of climate change</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Can one measure do both?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22878" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Dawid Zawila</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the previous section, we looked at the difference between mitigation and adaptation. But in fact, some measures can actually play a role in both.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, let&#8217;s say we plant trees and increase green spaces in a city dominated by concrete buildings and paved streets. <br><br>The trees provide shade and help lower the temperature in the surrounding area.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">This is a form of adaptation because it helps tackle the urban heat island effect and extreme heat. At the same time, since plants absorb CO₂, it also contributes to mitigation.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Improving public transport is another measure that can have both benefits.<br><br><br>For example, increasing the frequency of buses and trains and expanding their routes can make it easier for people to get around without a car. If this leads to less car use, it can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is an example of mitigation.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We can also improve drainage systems along roads and railways to reduce flood damage, and provide more shade at stations and bus stops to make them more comfortable to use during extreme heat.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In this way, a single measure can serve both purposes: reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) and preparing for the impacts of climate change (adaptation).</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, rather than thinking about mitigation and adaptation separately, it&#8217;s also important to consider how they can work together to make a bigger difference.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Should we tackle both at the same time?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22879" style="width:476px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tuong Chopper</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, pursuing mitigation and adaptation at the same time doesn&#8217;t mean that everything will be solved.<br><br><br><strong>That&#8217;s because the two approaches don&#8217;t always work towards the same goal.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, installing a large number of air conditioning units can help people cope with extreme heat as a form of adaptation. However, if the electricity they use comes from fossil fuels, this can increase greenhouse gas emissions, making it counterproductive from a mitigation perspective.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Also, while renewable energy helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, building large-scale energy facilities can destroy wildlife habitats. Mining the minerals needed for solar panels and batteries used to store electricity can also put pressure on water resources and affect the lives of local communities.<br><br><br><br>And as climate change gets worse, even measures that have worked well until now may stop being effective.<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">For instance, buildings and infrastructure designed for the temperatures we&#8217;ve experienced in the past may struggle to cope as temperatures rise further. This means we&#8217;ll need to keep adapting and updating existing designs and measures as conditions change, rather than assuming that what worked before will continue to work in the future.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.unep.org/en/news-and-stories/story/overshoot-explained-5-things-understand-about-world-beyond-15degc">A <strong>UNEP</strong> report</a> published in early September also points out that, as temperatures continue to rise and climate change gets worse, we can&#8217;t just make an adaptation plan and leave it at that. We need to keep reviewing and updating our plans as the situation changes.<br><br><br><br>When it comes to tackling climate change, we can&#8217;t just focus on the problems we&#8217;re dealing with today. We also need to look ahead and be ready to change the way our society works as the situation evolves.<br><br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/mitigation-adaptation/">気候変動対策とは？「緩和」と「適応」の違いをわかりやすく解説</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>気候変動対策とは？「緩和」と「適応」の違いをわかりやすく解説</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/mitigation-adaptation/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 23:42:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22791</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[気候変動対策には、温室効果ガスの排出を減らす「緩和」と、避けられない気候変動の影響に備える「適応」の2つがあります。それぞれの違いと具体例を、わかりやすく解説します。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">どうも、コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br><br><br><br>気候変動への対応について書かれた記事を読んでいると、よく見かけるのが &#8220;<strong>Mitigation</strong>&#8221; と &#8220;<strong>Adaptation</strong>&#8221; という２つの言葉 。<br><br><br>日本語にすると、Mitigationは「<strong>緩和</strong>」、そしてAdaptationは「<strong>適応</strong>」という意味になります。<br><br><br><br>では、気候変動対策において、この２つは具体的に何をすることなのでしょうか？ <br><br><br>そして、なぜ気候変動対策では、この２つがセットで語られるのでしょうか？<br><br><br><br>今回は、気候変動対策の基本ともいえる <strong>Mitigation と Adaptation</strong> が、それぞれ何を意味するのか、そして具体的にどのようなことをする事なのかを見ていきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mitigation と Adaptation、どう違う？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22877" style="width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/mitigation-adaptation-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>まず、 <strong>mitigation</strong>「緩和」ですが、簡単にいうと&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">「気候変動そのものを小さくするための取り組み」</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ということになります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>具体的な取り組みは、人間の活動によって排出される温室効果ガスを減らすこと。</strong><br><br><br><br>たとえば、化石燃料を使う発電所や農場などから排出される温室効果ガスを削減しながら、再生可能エネルギーへの転換や省エネルギーを進める取り組みがあります。<br><br><br>同様に、森林や海洋、土壌などが持つCO₂を吸収する力を守り、大気中のCO₂を減らすことも、Mitigationの重要な取り組みの一つです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>また、パリ協定では、各国が温室効果ガスの削減目標や具体的な取り組みを「NDC（Nationally Determined Contributions：国が決定する貢献）」として定め、提出することになっています。<br><br><br>NDCは5年ごとに見直され、各国には、より高い目標を掲げて温室効果ガスの削減に取り組むことが求められています。（昨年のCOP30における各国のNDCの提出状況は、かなり厳しいものでしたが……）<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">一方、<strong>adaptation</strong>「適応」は、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">「すでに起きている、あるいはこれから起こる気候変動の影響に備えるための取り組み」</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ということになります。<br><br><br><br><br><strong>具体的な取り組みは、気候変動によって起こるさまざまな影響に備え、被害を減らすこと。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">たとえば、洪水が起きたときの被害を減らすために堤防や排水設備をつくったり、暑さをやわらげるために都市に緑地を増やしたりします。<br><br><br>また、干ばつや高温に強い農作物を導入することもAdaptationの一つです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mitigation → 気候変動の「原因」への対応</strong><br><strong>Adaptation → 気候変動の「影響」への対応</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と考えると分かりやすいと思います。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">一つの対策が「両方」になる？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22878" style="width:480px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Dawid-Zawila-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Dawid Zawila</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">前のセクションでは、mitigationとadaptationの違いを見てきましたが、実は一つの対策が、両方の役割を果たすこともあります。<br><br><br><br>たとえば、コンクリートのビルや歩道に埋め尽くされた街に、木を植えて緑を増やすとします。<br><br><br>すると、木陰ができて周囲の気温も下がります。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">これは、ヒートアイランド現象や猛暑への対策になるので、adaptationにあたるわけですが、一方で、植物はCO₂を吸収するので、mitigationにもつながります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>公共交通機関の充実も、両方の効果が期待できる取り組みの一つです。<br><br><br>たとえば、バスや電車の本数を増やしたり、路線を広げたりすれば、車がなくても移動しやすくなります。これによって車の利用が減少すれば、温室効果ガスの排出削減につながります。これはmitigationです。<br><br><br><br>さらに、道路や線路の排水設備を強化して洪水による被害を減らしたり、駅やバス停に日陰を増やして猛暑のなかでも利用しやすくしたりすることもできます。こうした対策によって、極端な気象が起きても公共交通機関を利用しやすい環境を整えることは、adaptationにもつながります。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">このような感じで、一つの対策が、「温室効果ガスの排出を減らす」というmitigationの役割と、「気候変動の影響に備える」というadaptationの役割を、同時に果たすことがあります。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、mitigationとadaptationを別々に考えるだけでなく、どう組み合わせれば、より大きな効果を生み出せるのかを考えることも重要になってくるわけです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">２つを同時に進めればいい？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22879" style="width:470px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Tuong-Chopper-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tuong Chopper</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ただし、mitigationとadaptationを同時に進めれば、それですべて解決するというわけではありません。<br><br><br><br><strong>なぜなら、この２つの対策が、いつも同じ方向を向いているとは限らないからです。</strong><br><br><br><br>たとえば、adaptationの一環として、エアコンの導入を大量に増加させれば猛暑対策になるわけですが、電力が化石燃料に依存しているのであれば、温室効果ガスの排出が増え、mitigationの面では逆効果になってしまいます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">また、再生可能エネルギーは温室効果ガスの排出削減に役立つ一方で、大規模な発電設備の建築によって野生動物の棲家が破壊されたり、太陽パネルや電気を貯めるバッテリーなどに必要な鉱物を発掘することによって、水資源や地元住民の生活に影響が生じたりする場合もあります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そして、さらに気候変動が進めば、これまで有効だった対策が通用しなくなる可能性だってあります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">たとえば、これまでの気温を前提に設計された建物やインフラは、今後さらに気温が上がるとなれば、十分に対応できなくなる可能性があります。ということは、状況の変化に合わせて、今まで大丈夫だった設計や対策を見直しつつ、調整していかなくてはなりません。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>９月の上旬に発表された<a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/overshoot-explained-5-things-understand-about-world-beyond-15degc"><strong>UNEP</strong></a>の中でも、気温の上昇や気候変動の影響が深刻化するなる中で、adaptationは一度計画して終わりにするのではなく、状況に応じて繰り返し見直していく必要があると指摘されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">気候変動への対応には、今起きている問題に対処するだけでなく、これから起こる変化を見据えて、社会の仕組みそのものを柔軟に変えていく視点も必要なのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/mitigation-adaptation-english/">Climate Change Solutions: Mitigation vs Adaptation Explained</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Naomi Klein’s Doppelganger: Summary and the “Mirror World” Explained</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/doppelganger-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2026 08:11:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22789</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A summary and exploration of Naomi Klein’s Doppelganger, from the “Mirror World” and conspiracy theories to political division, identity, wellness culture and the search for common ground.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br><br>The book I&#8217;m introducing today is <em>&#8216;<strong>Doppelganger&#8217;</strong></em> by <strong>Naomi Klein</strong>, a writer, political commentator, journalist, and environmental activist who continues to speak out on issues such as the climate crisis and human rights violations around the world.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="142" height="218" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/doppelganger01.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22669" style="aspect-ratio:0.6513879003558719;width:232px;height:auto"/></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>When I was younger, I remember often hearing people say, &#8220;Try to look at the bright side of things&#8221;, but more recently, I’ve started to think that there may be another side to this way of thinking.<br><br><br>As the idea of “positive thinking” spread, the belief that we should stay positive and move forward, rather than focus on unhappy events or realities that are difficult to accept, became deeply embedded in modern society.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As a result, I feel that many people have become less willing to face social problems directly. Instead, they think, “Someone else will solve them,” and simply focus on moving their own lives forward.<br><br><br><br>But at the same time, I began to wonder if there might be another side to things. What is inconvenient or harmful to us may sometimes benefit someone on the other side.<br><br><br>While we look away from realities we would rather not face, the “other side” continues to accumulate wealth and power and expand its influence. Meanwhile, we become more focused on our own individual goals and gradually lose our sense of connection as a community. Without realising it, we become more vulnerable.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And without even noticing that our own “bright side” is slowly shrinking, we become increasingly vulnerable to the growing power of the “other side”. Even when we are being deceived or manipulated, we are no longer in a position to respond effectively.<br><br><br><br>This book is a work of non-fiction that explores the nature of modern society and politics from a psychological perspective.<br><br><br><br><strong>Honestly, it is one of the most moving books I have ever read, and at the same time, one of the books that has made me think most deeply about the world around me.</strong><br><br><br><br>I really hope that as many people as possible will read it.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Other Naomi</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22699" style="width:552px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When you search for “Naomi Klein” online, you may also come across another person with the same first name&#8230; “Naomi Wolf”.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What makes this even more confusing is that Naomi Wolf is also a prominent female writer who, like the author of this book, has written and spoken extensively about politics and society&#8230;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>However, their political views and ideas are very different.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>On the internet, the two Naomis are constantly being confused with one another. Statements that are believed to have been made by the author, Naomi Klein, may actually have come from Naomi Wolf, and vice versa.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And as this confusion is repeated over and over, algorithms can gradually reinforce it and make it seem like an established fact. Before long, you can end up being seen as someone who expresses views completely different from your own, and as someone who holds political beliefs that you would never actually support.<br><br><br>Naomi Wolf, who often spreads opinions based on personal feelings and speculation, is almost the complete opposite of the author, who takes great care to research her claims and verify the evidence before publishing them as a journalist. <br><br><br>That is why this situation on the internet, where she cannot decide for herself how others see her, is deeply troubling and hurtful for her.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>And the relationship between the two is almost like the worlds on opposite sides of a mirror.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>But this is not just a story about the relationship between the author and the other Naomi. As she explores modern society and events throughout history, she begins to reveal how many things in the world actually have two sides, much like the “front” and “back” of a mirror.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In today’s society, misunderstandings and confusion that arise online can be repeated so many times that they begin to feel like reality. Before they know it, people who were once on the front side of the mirror can move to the other side without even considering whether it is actually good or bad for them.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This is the dangerous situation we find ourselves in.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The World of Conspiracy Theories</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22706" style="width:454px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tom Barrett</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I think we all have this tendency, but when something happens that is complex and hard to understand, we naturally try to find some meaning or pattern behind it.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>We may then start wondering whether the event was really just the result of chance and several factors coming together, or whether&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>“Could someone actually have made it happen?”</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>This kind of thought can begin to enter our mind.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>And this is where the idea known as<br><br><strong>&#8220;conspiracy theory&#8221;</strong><br><br>starts to emerge.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And what makes this even more complicated is that, in a modern society increasingly shaped by individualism, many people have a strong desire to feel that they are “someone who matters” and to get attention from others.<br><br><br>When someone comes up with a conspiracy theory and shares it with people who have similar frustrations and distrust towards society, many can be drawn into the idea because it offers a simple and easy-to-understand story to explain a complex reality that is difficult to make sense of. <br><br><br>As more people believe and share it, misinformation and disinformation spread even further. This can then create confusion in society and draw people&#8217;s attention towards these issues.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>As a result, this kind of information can take up so much space that there is less room to discuss the issues that truly matter to our lives and the future of humanity.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>Once known as a prominent feminist writer, Naomi Wolf began using her own platforms to actively spread unsubstantiated or misleading claims about vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As the author describes in the book, Wolf also became connected with people spreading conspiracy theories about vaccines and increasingly came to oppose COVID-19 vaccines and public health measures.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>The problem was that, from this point on, vaccination became more than simply a matter of medicine or public health.</strong><br><br><br><br>For example, regarding vaccine passports, Naomi Wolf warned that they could become a system for monitoring and controlling people&#8217;s behaviour, eventually leading to something like a Chinese-style social credit system.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These claims then developed into an even stronger argument: that vaccine passports could become&nbsp;“a system to enslave ordinary people forever”.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In this way, vaccination and vaccine passports increasingly became part of a much larger narrative, in which governments, pharmaceutical companies, international organisations and the media were portrayed as working together to take away people&#8217;s freedom and ultimately lead society towards authoritarian rule.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As this narrative developed, opposing vaccines came to be seen as more than simply opposing a particular medical policy. It was increasingly framed as standing up to those in power in order to defend freedom.<br><br><br>As a result, the complex issues surrounding COVID-19 were gradually replaced by a much simpler narrative: “people who are fighting to protect freedom” versus “those in power who are trying to take it away”.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>It gradually turns into the belief that, </strong>“<strong>We’re not simply against policies like vaccination, mask-wearing and restrictions on our freedom. We’re standing up against the </strong>‘<strong>tyranny</strong>’<strong> that is trying to control humanity</strong>”<strong>!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>But once things get to this point, they can have real-world consequences.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If people become increasingly distrustful of vaccines and public health, this could lead to greater concern and doubt about vaccines in general, not just COVID-19 vaccines, which have helped save many lives.<br><br><br>In fact, in recent years, there have been reports from around the world of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles making a comeback as people refuse vaccination.<br><br><br>Of course, there are likely to be many factors behind this, but the distrust in vaccines created by the spread of misinformation has also been identified as one of them.<br><br><br><br>In other words, a movement that began as a “rebellion to protect our freedom” could, ironically, end up putting people at real risk from infectious diseases.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">When people&#8217;s anxiety and anger about the real power of large corporations and political inequality are redirected towards an imagined, all-powerful enemy created by conspiracy theories, it can lead to further confusion and deepen divisions within society.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><br>Recently, I watched <em><a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32832753/"><strong>The Conspiracists</strong></a></em>, a documentary about conspiracy theories by British filmmaker Liz Smith, and found it very interesting, so if you are interested, I highly recommend giving it a watch.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Those Who Cross the Left-Right Divide Diagonally (Diagonalists)</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22707" style="width:422px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Sasha Kaunas</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We often use terms such as “left” and “right” to describe where we stand politically.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Generally speaking, the left tends to place more emphasis on social and economic equality and reducing inequality between people, while the right tends to place more emphasis on individual freedom, tradition, the nation, and the existing social order.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Of course, reality is not quite that simple, but this is probably how we tend to picture the two sides: two opposing camps.<br><br><br><br><strong>But what if some people cross the boundary between these two camps in ways we might not expect, rather than simply moving along a line from left to right?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This was what shocked me most when I read this book.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">People who were once on the left can find themselves moving towards the opposite side of the political spectrum, driven by dissatisfaction and distrust towards society, even though the ideas they encounter there are fundamentally opposed to the political ideas they once supported.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>Behind all this are real problems that exist in modern society&#8230;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>▪️Wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of large corporations.<br><br>▪️Some wealthy individuals have significant influence over politics.<br><br>▪️There are various vested interests connecting the media with corporations and financial interests.<br><br>▪️And many people feel that decisions affecting their lives are being made somewhere beyond their reach&#8230;<br><br><br>These are real problems that lie behind the dissatisfaction and distrust people feel towards society.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>However, when another narrative enters the picture, that dissatisfaction and distrust can sometimes be directed in a completely different direction&#8230;<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“What if everything is actually connected behind the scenes?”<br><br>“What if we are being deceived by some huge system without even realising it?”<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">When complex social problems are turned into simple stories like these and reach people on the left who are already frustrated and angry with society, some of them can find themselves drawn towards these ideas.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>The desire for attention, recognition, and a sense of belonging can also play a role in why some people cross political boundaries.</strong><br><br><br><br>We now live in a time when anyone can use social media to share their opinions and experiences directly with others.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">As a result, turning yourself into a personal brand and making your voice heard by large numbers of people can itself become something of value.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>For example, even in the world of health and fitness, there are people who want to attract attention and build their influence.<br><br><br>There is nothing wrong with that in itself. However, someone who initially talks about health and self-improvement may gradually start talking about their own distrust of the government and the media as well.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">For some people, the desire to feel important and to have their voice heard can gradually turn into a desire to have a greater influence on society. As they gain attention and validation through social media, and when their opinions are welcomed by others, that space can gradually become a place where they feel they belong.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>And right-wing populists such as Steve Bannon, whom the author follows throughout the book, also reach out to people who have never been associated with the right, as well as those who no longer feel that they have a place in mainstream politics.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“You’re standing up for freedom. That’s incredibly brave!”<br><br>“You see things that other people don’t. Your voice deserves to be heard by more people!”<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>If people who had already been questioning the government, big corporations, and political inequality were told things like this, wouldn&#8217;t they start to feel&#8230;<br><br><br>“Wow, I’m being welcomed here! Maybe this is where I belong.”<br><br><br><br>And the person who initially spoke out of genuine concern about real problems gradually begins to move in a different direction. Before they realise it, they find themselves using the same language to talk about society as the political forces they once criticised.<br><br><br><br>What is happening here is not simply a “shift from left to right”.<br><br><br><br><strong>As the desire for recognition becomes stronger, people can cross political boundaries not only because of their frustration and distrust over real-world problems, but also because they are searching for a place where they can receive attention and feel that they belong.</strong><br><br><br><br>In this way, people can start with dissatisfaction about a particular issue, cross political boundaries in unexpected ways, and gradually move into another world, so to speak, “the other side of the mirror”. This is the phenomenon that the book describes as “Diagonalism”.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Left’s Divisions</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22716" style="width:466px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amin Mlk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the previous section, we explored &#8220;Diagonalism&#8221; — how people who once stood on the left can cross political boundaries in unexpected directions, often driven by frustration and distrust towards society. But there is another problem we need to confront. <br><br><br><br>And it is this&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>People on the left can end up dividing themselves rather than building their movement, simply because they focus too much on their differences with one another.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>There is no doubt that important differences of opinion need to be discussed and taken seriously. However, some parts of the left have a tendency to treat even small mistakes in the use of language as major problems. By focusing more on their differences than their common ground, they can end up driving themselves apart.<br><br><br>This is quite different from the approach taken by some movements on the right, which are often willing to put certain differences aside and emphasise what they have in common in order to build a broader movement.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Even though we have so much in common, we focus so much on our differences that we end up pushing away people who could otherwise be working with us.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>And the author argues that, from a strategic point of view, this tendency on the left is ultimately counterproductive.<br><br><br><strong>Because when we shut people out or reject them, the world on “the other side of the mirror” is ready to welcome them. It praises their courage, listens to their frustrations, and offers them a place among its own.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>When people who are already frustrated or distrustful of society no longer feel that they have a place on their own side, they can easily be drawn towards another community that welcomes them by saying, “We understand what you are thinking. You belong with us”.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">When Everything Becomes a Joke</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22720" style="width:412px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by brooke balentine</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And the author points out another problem with the world on “the other side of the mirror.”<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is this&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>When everything becomes the subject of jokes, the language we need to talk about what really matters begins to lose its power.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Over the past few decades, we have seen politicians such as Donald Trump in the US, Boris Johnson in the UK, and Vladimir Putin in Russia present themselves as “truth-tellers” — criticising European colonialism and claiming to defend the tradition of anti-fascism, while showing little concern for the lives of ordinary people.<br><br><br>When politicians like these take on this role, politics itself can start to look “ridiculous” in the eyes of the public.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Once a word or idea has been turned into a joke in this way, it becomes difficult to use it seriously again.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Take the term “othering”, for example. It was originally used to describe how people in positions of power portray certain groups as “different” or “inferior”, helping to justify their discrimination or exclusion.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But when figures like Steve Bannon use the term “othering” to argue that they are being discriminated against by the left and liberals, the word itself can start to sound almost like a joke.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">When this happens, it can become difficult for us even to talk about the “othering” of immigrants, Black voters, and transgender and non-binary young people — the very people whose experiences the term is supposed to describe.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>The same thing happened with the term &#8216;fake news&#8217;.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">After the 2016 presidential election, Trump repeatedly described news coverage that was critical of him as “fake news”.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But the term “fake news” originally referred to deliberately fabricated stories or propaganda designed to look like real news.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>However, when the term “fake news” itself starts being used as a political weapon, <strong>we can end up losing a useful way of describing the disinformation and propaganda that are actually out there</strong>.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The same is true when it comes to &#8216;conspiracy theories&#8217;, too.<br><br><br>If legitimate criticism is dismissed as a &#8216;conspiracy theory&#8217;, while real conspiracies and organised attempts to manipulate information are simply laughed off as &#8216;conspiracy theories&#8217;, we may eventually lose the words we need to make sense of what is really happening.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>When everything becomes something to joke about, it becomes harder to talk seriously about what truly matters.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fitness, Vaccines, and Fascism</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22729" style="width:462px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by scottweb</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is nothing wrong with exercising to stay healthy, or with taking care of what you eat and how much you sleep.<br><br><br>However, the book describes how an interest in fitness, health, and self-improvement can sometimes become intertwined with political ideas.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, the belief that &#8216;I should have control over my own body&#8217; can develop into the idea that &#8216;the government should not be allowed to decide what happens to my body&#8217;. As I mentioned earlier, this can eventually lead to opposition to vaccines and public health measures.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Unsubstantiated claims linking vaccines to autism, as well as ideas such as &#8216;If you have a strong body and immune system, you don’t need vaccines&#8217;, can also be absorbed into this broader narrative of &#8216;bodily freedom&#8217;.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>&#8230; And what the author is concerned about is where these ideas can ultimately lead.<br><br><br><br><strong>In fact, there is a historical connection between the pursuit of a healthy, strong body and the ideologies of fascism and eugenics.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In the United States before the Second World War, some early fitness and bodybuilding cultures became connected to eugenic ideas and were concerned with creating “better” human beings. In Nazi Germany, too, ideas about healthy bodies and a natural way of life became connected to the belief that society could produce “better” human beings.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Of course, this does not mean that modern wellness culture inevitably leads to fascism. The problem arises when the idea that “we can become healthier and become better human beings” is taken to an extreme.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>You might start with the idea that “I eat healthily because I choose organic, additive-free foods”. But somewhere along the way, this can become “people who do not eat healthily are inferior”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The same thing can happen with exercise. “I am always training, so I have a strong immune system” can gradually shift into “people with weaker immune systems are inferior”. What began as a belief in taking care of your own health can end up becoming a way of judging and looking down on other people.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">The idea that “I am optimised” can, by the same logic, lead to the belief that “those who are not optimised are inferior”.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>In other words, the author argues that, when we look at what has happened in the past, the personal idea of improving yourself by taking control of your own body can become linked to a political narrative. Before we realise it, it can develop into a way of thinking that divides human beings into the “better” and the “lesser”.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The “Shadow” on the Other Side of the Mirror</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22733" style="width:484px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by stocksnap</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So far, we have explored the “other side of the mirror” through conspiracy theories, Diagonalism, the desire for recognition, division, and ideas surrounding the body and freedom. But before we finish, there is one final idea the author arrives at that is worth considering.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And it is this&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Are the people on the “other side of the mirror” really the only ones who belong &#8220;there&#8221;?</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That is the question the author leaves us with.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>For centuries, the doppelganger has appeared in stories as a “double” or “second self”.<br><br><br>But perhaps the doppelganger is not simply someone who stands in opposition to us. Perhaps it raises a more uncomfortable question, which is&#8230; &#8220;Could the desire to control or exclude others also exist within us?&#8221;<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In other words, perhaps fascism and authoritarianism are not things that suddenly arrive from somewhere else. Perhaps they are also rooted in feelings that can exist in all of us&#8230; the desire to feel superior, to believe that “we are right”, and to see ourselves as “special” compared with other people.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>And if those feelings are taken too far, we may begin to see anyone who is different from us as “wrong” or “lesser”.<br><br><br><br><br>This is also where the discussion of the “body” we have looked at so far comes back into the picture.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What begins as an attempt to optimise ourselves can, before we realise it, become a sense that “we are better people”.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And it is not just about the body. Whether in politics, society, business, or identity, we can gradually create “people who are not us” as a way of defining who “we” are.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I think this is the central issue the author is exploring throughout the book.<br><br><br>On the one hand, we naturally want to maintain our own sense of identity and individuality. On the other, we also have a fundamental need to connect with others and feel that we belong to a community.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">But in modern society, we are increasingly encouraged to value what makes us different from everyone else, while solidarity and mutual support are given less and less importance in a society that places so much emphasis on the individual.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>This is why the author argues that we cannot address the major problems facing society simply through individual self-improvement. Instead, we need to soften the boundaries we have created between ourselves and others, and come together around common goals.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Because, in the end, the “Doppelganger” on the other side of the mirror may not be so different from us after all.<br><br><br><br>Rather than thinking, “How can those people on the other side have such crazy ideas?” or “What they are doing is unbelievable if you look at it from a common-sense perspective”, we should ask ourselves whether some of the same tendencies might also exist within us.<br><br><br>We do not have to erase the boundaries between ourselves and others completely. But we can try to create spaces where we can look beyond our differences and work together on the problems we have in common.<br><br><br><br>When we have a falling-out with someone, the longer we stay out of contact, the more room there is for each side to imagine what the other person is thinking or feeling. Over time, this can deepen resentment and make the relationship even more difficult to repair.<br><br><br>It made me think about how important it is, especially today, to have a sense of community and make an active effort to get to know the people around us.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Until next time.<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/doppelganger/">Naomi Klein 『Doppelganger（ドッペルゲンガー）』感想・レビュー | アイデンティティと陰謀論</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Naomi Klein 『Doppelganger（ドッペルゲンガー）』感想・レビュー &#124; アイデンティティと陰謀論</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/doppelganger/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 12:54:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22640</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[気候変動という、今私たちが一丸となって立ち向かわなければならない危機がある一方で、ファシズムの思想が広がりつつある混迷の現代社会。Naomi Kleinの『Doppelganger（ドッペルゲンガー）』は、SNSや陰謀論、政治的分断の奥にある「アイデンティティ」の揺らぎについて考えさせられる、今世紀の必読書です。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">どうも、コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介する本は、作家・政治評論家・ジャーナリスト、そして環境活動家として、現在の気候危機や世界的な人権侵害といった問題に取り組み続けている<strong>ナオミ・クライン</strong>さんによる<strong><em>『Doppelganger』</em></strong>。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="142" height="218" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/doppelganger01.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22669" style="aspect-ratio:0.6513994910941476;width:232px;height:auto"/></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>僕は若い頃「物事のbright sideを見ながら生きていこう」みたいなことを、よく耳にした記憶があるのですが、最近になって、その考え方には別の側面もあるのではないかと思うようになってきました。<br><br><br>「ポジティヴ思考」という言葉が広がる一方で、不幸な出来事や自分にとって都合の悪い現実には目を向けず、前向きに生きようとする価値観が現代社会に広く浸透しました。<br><br><br>その結果、多くの人が社会の問題を直視しなくなり、「誰かが解決してくれるだろう」と考え、自分は自分の人生だけを前に進めればいい、という姿勢になってしまっているように感じています。<br><br><br>しかしながら、物事には必ず表と裏があって、自分にとって不都合なことは、裏側にいる誰かにとっては利益になることもあるのでは？ と。<br><br><br>都合の悪い現実から目を背けている間に、その「裏側」は富や権力を蓄え、影響力を拡大していく。一方で、私たちは個人の目標ばかりを重視するようになり、コミュニティーとしてのつながりを失っていくことで、気づかないうちに無防備になっていく。<br><br><br>そして、自分たちの「bright side」が少しずつ縮小していることにも気づかないまま、大きくなった「裏側」の力に翻弄され、騙されていても十分に対応できない状態になっている。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この本は、まさにそのような現代の社会や政治のあり方を、心理学的な視点から考察したノンフィクションです。<br><br><br><br><strong>正直言って、これまでの人生で読んだ本の中で最も感動すると同時に、最も深く考えさせられた一冊でした。</strong><br><br><br><br>是非ともたくさんの人に読んでいただきたいです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">もう一人のナオミ</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22699" style="width:550px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Naomi-x2-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ネットで &#8220;Naomi Klein&#8221; を検索すると、同じ &#8220;Naomi&#8221; という名を持った別の人物 &#8220;Naomi Wolf&#8221; が出てくる。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ややこしいことに、そのナオミ・ウルフも、この本の著者であるナオミ・クラインさんと同様に著名な女性作家であり、政治や社会について発言してきた人物なのですが&#8230; <br><br><br><strong>二人の政治的な立場や思想は大きく異なります。</strong><br><br><br><br>ネットの世界では、二人の名前がよく混同され、著者のナオミさんの発言だと思われているものが、実際はもう一人のナオミ・ウルフの発言だったり、逆に著者の言葉が、ナオミ・ウルフのものとして扱われていたりする。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そして、この「名前の混同」が繰り返されると、アルゴリズムによってそれが次第に固定されていく&#8230; 。自分が、自分とは違う考えを語り、本来なら自分が決して支持していない政治的立場にいる人物として認識されてしまうことになる。<br><br><br>個人的な感情や推測をもとに意見を拡散するナオミ・ウルフは、ジャーナリストとして自分の発言に偽りがないように入念に調査し、裏付けを取ってから発表する著者とは正反対な存在なだけに、このネット上で起こる「自分が誰であるかを自分だけでは決められない」という状態は、著者を悩ませ、ひどく傷つけます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>そして、二人の関係はまるで鏡の表側と裏側の世界のようになっている。</strong><br><br><br><br>これは「著者ともう一人のナオミ」という二人の個人だけの関係ではなく、現代社会の状況や歴史上の出来事を追求していくことで、世の中の様々なものが、実はこのような「裏と表」の関係になっていることが浮かび上がってきます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">さらに現代社会では、ネット上で生まれた勘違いや混同が繰り返されることで、はじめは鏡の表の世界にいた人たちが、それが自分にとって良いのか悪いのかを考えることもなく、いとも簡単に裏の世界に移り住んでいってしまう。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>私たちは、そんな危険な状態に置かれているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">「陰謀論」の世界</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22706" style="width:446px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/tom-barrett-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tom Barrett</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">誰もがそういう部分を持っていると思うのですが、私たちは、複雑で理解できない出来事に直面した時、そこに意味やパターンを見つけようとする傾向があります。<br><br><br><br>するとその出来事は、偶然や複数の要因が重なって起こったのではなく、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">「<strong>実は誰かが意図的に仕組んだのでは？</strong>」</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という考えが浮かんできたりします。<br><br><br><br><br>そこで生まれるのが、<br><br>「<strong>陰謀論</strong> = <strong>conspiracy theory</strong>」<br><br>と呼ばれているもの。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そして、ここでさらにややこしくなるのが、個人主義が強まった現代社会において、多くの人が「自分は意味ある存在」でありたい、「人から注目されたい」という強い欲求を抱えていることです。<br><br><br>そうした中で、ある人が陰謀論的な解釈を思いつき、それを社会に対して同じような不満や不信感を抱いている人々に向けて発信していくと、複雑で理解しにくい現実を一つの分かりやすい物語として説明してくれるその考えに、多くに人が引き込まれ、誤情報や偽情報がさらに広がっていきます。<br><br><br>すると、それによって社会に混乱が生まれ、人々の関心がそちらへと引き寄せられていきます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>その結果、私たちの生活や人類の将来にとって本当に重要な問題について話し合うためのスペースが、そうした情報によって覆い隠されてしまうという状況に陥るのです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>かつてはフェミニスト作家として知られていたナオミ・ウルフは、COVID-19のパンデミック以降、ワクチンに関する根拠の薄い、あるいは誤解を招く情報を自身のプラットフォームで積極的に発信するようになりました。<br><br><br>そして、著者が本の中で描いているように、ワクチンに関する陰謀論的な情報を広める人々とも接点を持ち、COVID-19ワクチンや公衆衛生対策に対する強い反対を訴えるようになっていきました。<br><br><br><br><strong>問題は、そこから</strong>「<strong>ワクチン接種</strong>」<strong>というものが、単なる医療や公衆衛生をめぐる問題ではなくなっていったことです。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>たとえばワクチンパスポートについて、ナオミ・ウルフは、それが人々の行動を監視・管理するための仕組みとなり、最終的には中国型の社会信用システムのようなものにつながるのではないか、と警告しました。<br><br><br>そして、ワクチンパスポートは「一般人を永遠に奴隷化する仕組み」になり得るという、さらに強い主張へと発展していきます。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">こうして「ワクチン接種」や「ワクチンパスポート」が、政府や製薬会社、国際機関、メディアなどが結びつき、人々の自由を奪い、「社会を専制政治へと導こうとしている」という、スケールアップした物語の一部として語られるようになっていったのです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>こうなってくると、ワクチンに反対することは、単純に一つの医療政策に反対することではなく、「自由を守るために権力に立ち向かうこと」として意味づけられていきます。<br><br><br>その結果、COVID-19をめぐる複雑な問題は、いつの間にか「自由を守る人々」と「自由を奪おうとする権力」という構図へと置き換えられていってしまいました。<br><br><br><br><strong>自分たちは、ワクチン接種やマスクの着用、行動の制限といった政策に反対しているだけではなくて、人類を支配しようとする「専制政治」に抵抗しているのだ！となってきてしまうのです。</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">しかし、こうなってくると現実的な影響も出てきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ワクチンや公衆衛生そのものに対する不信が広がれば、COVID-19ワクチンに限らず、これまで多くの命を救ってきたワクチン全般に対する不安や疑念が広がってしまう可能性があります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">実際、近年では世界各地で麻疹などの、ワクチンによって予防できる病気が、ワクチンを拒否することによって再び広がってきているというニュースも見られます。<br><br><br>もちろん、その背景にはさまざまな要因があると思いますが、誤情報の拡散によって生まれたワクチンへの不信も、その一つとして指摘されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり、「自由を守るための反乱」として始まった運動が、皮肉なことに、人々を実際の感染症の危険にさらしてしまう可能性もあるのです。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">もともと大衆が向けていた実際に存在する大企業の力や政治的な不平等に対する不安や怒りが、陰謀論によってつくられた幻想的な巨大な敵との戦いへと向けられることで、社会はさらに混乱に陥り、分断をさらに深める結果になってしまうわけです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>ちなみに、イギリスの映画監督リズ・スミスさんによる、陰謀論を扱ったドキュメンタリー映画、<a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32832753/mediaviewer/rm2842649601/?ref_=tt_ov_i">&#8220;<strong>The Conspiracists</strong>&#8220;</a> がとても面白かったので、興味のある方はぜひください。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">左右の境界を斜めに越えていく人たち (diagonalists)</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22707" style="width:488px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/sasha-kaunas-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Sasha Kaunas</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">私たちは政治的な立ち位置を考える際に、「左」や「右」といった言葉を使います。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">一般的に、左派は社会的・経済的な平等や、人々の間にある格差を減らすことを重視し、右派は個人の自由や伝統、国家や既存の社会秩序を重視する傾向があります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>もちろん、現実はそれほど単純ではないのですが、私たちはこんな感じで、まず二つの対立する陣営を思い浮かべると思います。<br><br><br><br><strong>では、その境界を、左から右へと徐々に移動するのではなく、思いがけない形で越えていく人たちがいるとしたら、どうでしょうか？</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この本を読んで、僕が一番ショックを受けたのが、こうした現象です。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">それまで左側にいた人々が、社会に対する不満や不信感を入り口として、これまで支持していた政治的な思想とは反対側の世界斜めに移動していってしまう現象です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>その背景には、現代社会に実際に存在する問題があります。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">巨大企業に富や権力が集中していること。<br><br>一部の富裕層が政治に大きな影響力を持っていること。<br><br>メディアと企業や資本との間に、さまざまな利害関係が存在すること。<br><br><br>そして、自分たちの生活が、自分たちの手の届かないところで決められているように感じること&#8230; 。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>こうした問題への不満や不信感には、現実に存在する問題が背景にあります。<br><br><br><br>しかし、そこに別の物語が入り込んでくることで、その不満や不信感が、まったく別の方向へ向けられていくことがあります。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「本当は、すべて裏でつながっているのではないか？」<br><br>「自分たちは、何か巨大なシステムによって騙されているのではないか？」<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">この複雑な社会の問題が、こうした分かりやすい物語として発信され、それが、もともと社会に対する不満や怒りを抱いていた左側の人々のもとに届いたとき、一部の人々はそこへ引き寄せられていってしまうのです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>そして、こうした人々が政治的な境界を越えていく背景には、「注目」や「承認」、そして「自分の居場所を求める気持ちも関係しています。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>現在は、SNSを通じて誰でも自分の意見や経験を直接発信できる時代です。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">自分自身をブランド化することや、多くの人に自分の声を届けることが、一つの価値にもなっています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>たとえば、健康やフィットネスを発信する人々の世界でも、注目を集め、自分の影響力を大きくしたいと考える人々がいます。<br><br><br>それ自体は別に何も悪くないのですが、はじめは健康や自己改善について発信していた人が、そのうちに自分自身が持っている政府やメディアへの不信感についても語り始めることがあります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">「自分は重要な存在でありたい」「自分の声を聞いてほしい」といった気持ちから、次第に社会的な影響力を持つことを求めるようになる人もいます。そして、SNSを通して注目や承認を得るようになり、自分の意見が歓迎されるようになると、そこが次第に自分の居場所になっていきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして著者が本の中で追っていくSteve Bannonの（トランプの元側近）ような右派ポピュリストは、これまで右派とは関係のなかった人々や、既存の政治に居場所を感じられなくなった人々にも近づいていきます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>「あなたは自由のために声をあげている。なんて勇敢なんだ！」<br><br>「あなたは他の人が見ていないものを見ている。もっとあなたの意見は拡散されるべきだ！」<br><br><br><br>もし、そんなふうに言われたら、もともと政府や巨大企業、政治的な不平等に疑問を持っていた人々も、<br><br>「おお、自分は歓迎されている！ここが自分の居場所なんだ。」<br><br>となってしまうのではないでしょうか？<br><br><br><br>そして、はじめは現実に存在する問題に対する疑問として発信していた自分が、次第に別の方向へと進んでいき、気がついてみたら、かつて自分が批判していたはずの政治勢力と、同じ言葉を使って社会を語るようになっているのです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここで起きているのは、単純な「左から右への移動」ではありません。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>承認を求める気持ちが強くなると、人は現実の問題に対する不満や不信感だけでなく、自分が注目や承認を得られる居場所を求める気持ちによっても、政治的な境界を越えていってしまうのです。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>このように、ある問題への不満を入り口として、人々が政治的な境界を斜めに越え、別の世界、いわば「鏡の裏側」へと移動していってしまう現象が、本の中で「Diagonalism」として表現されています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">左側の分断</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22716" style="width:454px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/division-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amin Mlk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">前のセクションでは、社会に対する不満や不信感を入り口として、それまで左側にいた人々が、思いがけない形で政治的な境界を越えていく「Diagonalism」について見てきました。<br><br><br><br>ですが、ここにはもう一つ、考えておきたい問題があります。 それは&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>左側にいる人々自身が、お互いの違いを探しすぎることで、仲間を増やすどころか、自分たちを分断してしまうことです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>重要な意見の違いについては、きちんと議論し、向き合う必要があります。しかし、左側の一部では、ときに些細な言葉の使い方の間違いまで重大な問題であるかのように扱い、共通点よりもお互いの違いを目を向けるあまり、分裂していってしまう傾向があります。<br><br><br>これは、仲間を増やすためであれば、多少の違いには目をつぶり、共通する部分を重視する右側の姿勢とは対照的です。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">本当は共通している部分がたくさんあるのに、違う部分ばかりに目を向けてしまうため、本来なら一緒に取り組めるはずの人たちまで、自分たちの側から閉め出してしまうのです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして著者は、戦略的に見て、こうした左側に見られる傾向は決して得策ではないと述べています。<br><br><br><br><strong>なぜなら、私たちが仲間から締め出したり、切り捨てたりした人々やグループを、</strong>「<strong>鏡の裏側</strong>」<strong>の世界が待ち構え、彼らの勇気を称え、親身になって話を聞き、自分たちの仲間へと引き入れようとしているからです。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>社会への不満や不信感を持っている人が、自分の側に居場所を見つけられなくなったとき、「あなたの考えを理解してくれるのは、こちら側だ」と受け入れてくれる別のコミュニティがあれば、そこへ引き寄せられてしまいます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">茶化される世界</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22720" style="width:459px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/brooke-balentine-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by brooke balentine</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そして著者は、「鏡の裏側」の世界について、もう一つ別の問題を指摘しています。<br><br><br><br>それは、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>何でも冗談の対象にされてしまうことで、本当に重要なことを話すための言葉が、力を失ってしまう事です。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ここ数十年の間に登場した、アメリカのドナルド・トランプやイギリスのボリス・ジョンソン、そしてロシアのウラジミール・プーチンなど、国民の生活のことなど気にもしない政治家たちが、ヨーロッパの植民地主義を批判したり、反ファシズムの伝統を守る「真実を語る人物」のように振る舞うと、人々の目に、政治そのものが、「滑稽なもの」として映ってしまいます。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">そうやって、一度ある言葉や考え方が茶化されてしまうと、それをもう一度、真剣な言葉として使うことが難しくなってしまうのです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>たとえば、&#8221;othering&#8221;（他者化）という言葉がありますが、もともとこの言葉は、権力を持つ側が、特定の人々を「異質な存在」「劣った存在」として描いて、彼らを容赦なく差別、または排除したりすることを正当化する行為を説明するために使われてきました。<br><br><br>しかしSteve Bannonのような人物が、&#8221;othering&#8221; という言葉を使って、自分たちが左側やリベラルの人たちから差別されていると訴えると、その言葉自体がまるで冗談のように扱われてしまいます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">そうなってくると、その言葉を使って説明すべき、移民や黒人の有権者、トランスジェンダーやノンバイナリーの若者などに対する &#8220;othering&#8221; を、こちら側が言葉にすることさえ難しくなってしまいます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>同じことは &#8220;fake news&#8221; という言葉にも起こりました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">トランプは2016年の大統領選挙後、自分にとって批判的な報道をする &#8220;fake news&#8221; と繰り返し呼びました。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、この &#8220;fake news&#8221; という言葉は、本来、本物のニュースに見せかけながら、実際には意図的につくられた偽の記事やプロパガンダを説明するために使われていた言葉です。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ところが &#8220;fake news&#8221; という言葉そのものが政治的な攻撃の道具として使われるようになると、私たちは今度は、<strong>本当に存在する偽情報やプロパガンダを説明するための便利な言葉まで使いにくくなってしまう</strong>ことになるわけです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">陰謀論についても同じです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">何かを批判すれば「陰謀論だ」と片づけられてしまい、逆に本当の陰謀や組織的な情報操作まで「どうせ陰謀論でしょ」と笑われてしまったら、私たちは何が本当に起きているのかを語るための言葉を失ってしまいます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>何でも茶化されることが普通になってしまうと、何が重要なのかを真剣に語ることが難しくなってしまうという危険性が出てくるのです。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">フィットネス、ワクチン、そしてファシズム</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22729" style="width:484px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/scottwebb-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by scottweb</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">健康のために運動をしたり、食事や睡眠に気をつけたりすることは、何も悪いことではありません。<br><br><br>しかし、本書の中ではフィットネスや健康、自己改善への関心が、時として政治的な思想と結びついていくことが書かれています。<br><br><br><br>例えば、「自分の身体は自分で管理する」という考えが、「政府に自分の身体のことを決めさせない」という主張へと変わり、前にも述べましたが、ワクチンや公衆衛生政策への反発につながっていくことがあります。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">ワクチンと自閉症を結びつけてしまう科学的な根拠のない主張や、「強い身体や免疫を持っていたらワクチンなんて必要ない」といった考えも、「自由な身体」という物語の中に組み込まれていきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>&#8230; そして著者が警戒しているのは、その先にあるものです。<br><br><br><br><strong>実は、健康で強い身体を理想とする考え方と、ファシズムや優生思想には歴史的なつながりがあります。</strong><br><br><br><br><br>第二次世界大戦前のアメリカでは、初期のフィットネスやボディビルの文化の一部が優生思想と結びつき、「より優れた人間」をつくることに関心を持っていました。また、ナチス・ドイツでも、健康な身体や自然な生活が、「より優れた人間」をつくるという思想と結びついていたのです。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">もちろん、現代のウェルネスの文化がそのままファシズムにつながるというわけではありませんが、問題は「私たちは、より健康な体を持ち、より優れた人間になることができる」という考えが極端になった時です。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>「自分はオーガニックなもの、添加物の入っていないものを選んで健康的な食事をしている」という意識が、いつの間にか「健康的でない食事をしている人は劣っている」という考えにつながってしまう。<br><br><br>あるいは、「自分は常に鍛えているから免疫力が強い」という考えが、いつの間にか「免疫力の弱い人間は劣っている」という、同じ人間を見下した考えへと変わってしまう。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">「自分は最適化されている」という考えは、裏を返せば、「最適化されていない人は劣っている」という考えにもなり得るわけです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>つまり、過去に起こった出来事を考慮に入れると、「自分の身体を自分で管理する」という個人的な自己改善の思想が、政治的な物語と結びつくことで、いつの間にか人間を「より優れた人間」と「そうでない人間」に分ける思想に変わっていってしまう、と著者は述べているのです。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">鏡の裏側にいる「影」</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22733" style="width:540px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/stocksnap-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by stocksnap</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「鏡の裏側」の世界に関して、ここまで、陰謀論、Diagonalism、承認欲求、分断、そして身体や自由をめぐる思想について見てきましたが、最後に、著者がたどり着いた考えについて触れておきます。<br><br><br><br>それは&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>「鏡の裏側」にいるのは、本当に「向こう側」の人たちだけなのか？</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という問いです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">&#8220;Doppelganger&#8221; という存在は、「自分の分身」、または「もう一人の自分」として、昔からいろんな物語に登場してきました。<br><br><br>しかしその存在は、単に自分とは正反対の誰かではなくて、私たちの中にも、他人を支配したり排除したりするような気持ちが生まれる可能性があることを示しているのではないか？という問いです。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、ファシズムや専制政治は、ある日どこかから突然やってくるものではなく、「優越感」や「自分たちこそが正しい」と思いたい気持ち、他者よりも自分たちを「特別な存在」だと考えたい欲望など、私たちが日常的に持っている感情にも深く関係しているのでは？という事です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、その気持ちが強くなりすぎると、自分とは違う人間を「間違った人」、「劣った人」と見なすようになってしまう。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">これまで見てきた「身体」の話も、ここにつながっています。<br><br><br><strong>自分を最適化することが、いつの間にか「自分はより優れた人間だ」という感覚に変わってしまう。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そして、それは身体だけの話ではなく、政治や社会、ビジネス、そしてアイデンティティーにおいても、私たちは「自分たちは誰なのか」をはっきりさせるために、いつの間にか「自分たちではない人」を創り上げてしまう。<br><br><br>この部分が、著者がこの本を通して見ている問題の核心なのだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>もともと人間というのは「自分らしさ」を守りたいと思う一方で、他人とも上手くつながって、コミュニティーの一員でありたいという気持ちを持っています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">しかしながら、現代社会においては「自分は他の人たちとは違う」ということが強く評価される一方で、連帯や助け合いは、社会全体が個人や個体にフォーカスしすぎているため、それほど大きな価値を与えられていません。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>だからこそ著者は、社会の大きな問題を、個人が自分自身を改善することだけで解決しようとするのではなく、他人との間につくってしまっている境界を少し緩めて、共通する目的のために一緒になることが必要だと考えています。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>結局のところ、「鏡の裏側」にいる &#8220;Doppelganger&#8221; は、私たちとは全く違う誰かではないのかもしれません。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「向こう側の人たちは、何であんなに狂った考えを持つことができるんだ？」「常識から考えたら、ヤツらのやっていることは信じられない。」と思うのではなく、私たち自身の中にも同じようなものがあるのではないのかと考えてみること。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">自分と相手との境界を完全に消す必要はないとしても、その違いを超えて、共通する問題のために一緒に行動できる場所を作ること。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>誰かと仲違いした時なんかは、その相手と接触しない時間が長くなればなるほど、それぞれの側で想像が広がっていって、次第に恨む気持ちが増大し、関係がさらに悪くなってしまうなんてケースもあるので、やはり今の時代、「コミュニティー精神を持って積極的に人と知り合う」というのはとても大事なことだと考えさせられました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/doppelganger-english/">Naomi Klein’s Doppelganger: Summary and the “Mirror World” Explained</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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		<title>What Is El Niño? Causes, Effects, and Its Role in a Warming World</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/el-nino-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:59:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22672</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[El Niño can affect temperatures, rainfall, droughts, and agriculture across the globe. But how does it work, and how is it different from climate change?]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Have you ever come across comments like, “Is this summer’s extreme heat because of <strong>El Niño</strong>?”<br><br><br>I remember hearing the term El Niño long before I became interested in climate change. Back then, I thought of it simply as a natural phenomenon that occurs from time to time somewhere on Earth. And to be honest, I never really gave it much thought.<br><br><br>However, as the climate crisis has become more serious, I started seeing the word El Niño more and more often. Eventually, I felt that this was something I should understand properly, so I decided to take a closer look at it this time.<br><br><br>In this article, I’ll explore what El Niño actually is, what causes it, and how it relates to the climate crisis we are experiencing today.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is El Niño?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22645" style="width:530px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by charlvera</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First, let&#8217;s take a quick look at what the&nbsp;<strong>El Niño phenomenon</strong>&nbsp;is.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In simple terms, El Niño is:</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>A natural climate phenomenon in which sea surface temperatures near the equator in the Pacific Ocean become warmer than normal, influencing weather patterns around the world.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Under normal conditions, &#8216;<strong>trade winds</strong>&#8216; blow <strong>from east to west</strong> across the tropical Pacific, pushing warm surface water towards the western Pacific.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This means that off the coast of South America, less warm water remains near the surface. As the surface water is pushed away, cold water from deeper in the ocean rises up to replace it.<br><br><br>However, if the trade winds weaken for some reason, their ability to push warm surface water towards the west is reduced. The warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific then begins to move eastwards.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>This causes sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific to rise above normal levels. If these warmer-than-normal conditions persist for several months or longer, the event is known as El Niño.</strong><br><br><br><br>You might be thinking, “The ocean gets a little warmer — so what?”<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Well, the Pacific is the largest ocean on Earth. When the temperature of such a huge body of water changes, it can affect atmospheric circulation, which can then influence temperatures and rainfall in different parts of the world.<br><br><br>And that can make extreme heat, heavy rain and droughts more likely to occur.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">El Niño: A complex interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22646" style="width:568px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by rosetsky</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">El Niño isn&#8217;t simply about the ocean getting warmer. What&#8217;s really happening is a complex interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere, with each one affecting the other.<br><br><br>When sea surface temperatures in the Pacific change, they also affect the temperature and movement of the air above the ocean. Those changes in the atmosphere then feed back into the ocean, changing conditions there in turn.<br><br><br>In this way, the ocean and the atmosphere interact almost like they are having a conversation, with each influencing the other. And this interaction can lead to major changes across the Pacific as a whole.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">This whole cycle of changes between the ocean and the atmosphere is known as&nbsp;<strong>ENSO</strong>, or the&nbsp;<strong>El Niño–Southern Oscillation</strong>. And ENSO isn&#8217;t just about El Niño. It also includes&nbsp;La Niña&nbsp;— the opposite phase, when sea surface temperatures across the tropical Pacific are cooler than average rather than warmer.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Although El Niño and La Niña may appear to be opposite phenomena, both are actually part of the same cycle of ocean and atmospheric changes centred around the Pacific.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And because the Earth&#8217;s oceans and atmosphere interact in highly complex ways, it remains difficult to predict exactly when an El Niño event will occur and how strong it will be.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For this reason, scientists continue to work to detect the early signs of an El Niño event as soon as possible.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is happening in the world right now?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22648" style="width:584px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marion</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One reason El Niño has attracted increasing attention around the world in recent years is that more and more places are experiencing record-breaking temperatures and extreme weather events.<br><br>During the El Niño event from 2023 to 2024, exceptionally high temperatures were recorded in many parts of the world, along with a range of other impacts, including not only extreme heat but also flooding caused by heavy rainfall and severe droughts.<br><br><br><br><strong>However, El Niño alone cannot explain the climate changes we are experiencing today.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>El Niño is a natural climate variation that occurs every few years. Climate change, by contrast, refers to the long-term rise in global temperatures caused largely by human activities such as the use of fossil fuels.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In other words, El Niño can temporarily push temperatures higher, but it is doing so on top of a global average temperature that has already risen because of global warming.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>The problem is that global temperatures have risen so much that we can no longer simply say, “It’s hot because of El Niño.”</strong><br><br><br><br>El Niño is a natural climate phenomenon, while climate change is driven by human activity. And when the two overlap, heatwaves, droughts, and extreme rainfall can hit agriculture even harder. The result is that the global food system itself is now facing a major challenge.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/el-nino/">エルニーニョ現象とは？なぜ起こるのか、気候変動や異常気象への影響を解説</a></p>
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		<title>エルニーニョ現象とは？なぜ起こるのか、気候変動や異常気象への影響を解説</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/el-nino/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 10:16:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22644</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[エルニーニョ現象とは何かを初心者向けに解説。発生する仕組みや貿易風・海流との関係、ラニーニャとの違い、近年増えている異常気象や地球温暖化への影響について紹介します。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも、コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br><br><br>「今年の猛暑は<strong>エルニーニョ</strong>の影響？」みたいなことを耳にした事はないでしょうか？<br><br><br>僕の記憶では、この言葉は自分が気候変動に関心を持つずっと前から存在していて、「地球で時々起こる自然現象」みたいな感じで、なんとなく感覚として持っているだけで、正直なところ気に留めたこともありませんでした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ところが、気候変動が深刻化する中、あまりにもこの言葉が頻繁に目に入るようになってきたので、「これはきちんと理解しておいた方がいい」と思い、今回あらためて調べてみることにしました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>というわけで、この記事では、エルニーニョ現象とは何か、なぜ起こるのか、そして現在の気候危機とどのように関係しているのかを見ていきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">エルニーニョ現象とは何か？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22645" style="width:530px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/charlvera-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by charlvera</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは、<strong>エルニーニョ現象</strong>がどのような現象なのかを簡単に見ていきます。<br><br><br><br>エルニーニョ現象とは、簡単にいうと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>太平洋の赤道付近の海面水温が平年よりも高くなって、世界中の気候に影響を与える自然現象</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>となります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>通常、赤道付近の太平洋では「貿易風」と呼ばれる風が<strong>東から西</strong>へ向かって吹いているのですが、この風によって暖かい海水は西太平洋へ押しやられます。<br><br>すると、南米沖では海面近くの海水が減るため、その空いたスペースを埋めるように海底近くの冷たい海水が上へと湧き上がってきます。<br><br><br><br>ところが、何らかの理由でこの貿易風が弱まると、暖かい海水を西へ押しやる力も弱くなるため、西大西洋に集まっていた暖かい海水が東へと戻り始めます。<br><br><br><br><strong>その結果、東部から中部太平洋の海面水温が平年より高い状態となり、この状態が数か月以上続くと「エルニーニョ現象」と呼ばれるのです。</strong><br><br><br><br>「海の水温が少し変わるくらいで、それがどないやっちゅーねん？」と思うかもしれません。<br><br><br>ところが、太平洋は地球上で最も大きな海です。その広大な海の水温が変化すると、大気の流れにも影響が及び、世界各地の気温や雨の降り方まで変わってきます。その結果、猛暑や豪雨、干ばつなどが起こりやすくなってしまうというわけなのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">エルニーニョは海と大気の複雑な関係から生まれる</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22646" style="width:560px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/rosetsky-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by rosetsky</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">エルニーニョ現象は、単純に「海の温度が上がる」というだけの現象ではありません。その背景には、海と大気がお互いに影響し合う複雑な仕組みがあります。<br><br><br>太平洋の海面水温が変化すると、その上にある空気の温度や流れにも変化がでてきます。そして、その大気の変化は再び海の状態にも影響を与えます。<br><br><br>こうやって、海と大気があたかも会話をするように影響し合うことで、太平洋全体の状態が大きく変化するわけです。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">この海洋と大気が連動した一連の変化は、<strong>ENSO</strong>（エルニーニョ・南方振動）と呼ばれています。ENSOには、太平洋赤道域の海面水温が平年より高くなる「エルニーニョ現象」だけでなく、逆に海面水温が平年より低くなる「ラニーニャ現象」も含まれています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>エルニーニョとラニーニャは、一見すると正反対の現象ですが、実際にはどちらも、太平洋を中心とした海と大気の変動サイクルの中で起こる現象となります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そして、地球の海と大気の動きは非常に複雑なため、エルニーニョがいつ起こり、またそれがどの程度の強さになるのかを完全に読み解く事は、今でも難しい課題となっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そのため、科学者たちは少しでも早くその兆候を捉えようと現在でも奮闘中です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">今、世界で何が起こっているのか？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22648" style="width:588px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-160x90.jpg 160w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-320x180.jpg 320w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/marion-366x206.jpg 366w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Marion</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">近年、エルニーニョ現象が世界的に注目されるようになった背景には、各地で記録的な暑さや異常気象が相次いでいることがあります。<br><br><br>2023年から2024年にかけて発生したエルニーニョでは、世界各地で非常に高い気温が観測され、猛暑だけでなく、大雨による洪水や深刻な干ばつなど、さまざまな影響が現れました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>しかし、現在の気候変化をエルニーニョだけで説明することはできません。</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">エルニーニョは数年ごとに起こる自然の変動ですが、気候変動は化石燃料の使用など、私たち人間の日々の活動によって長期的に地球全体の気温が上昇している現象です。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、エルニーニョは一時的に気温を押し上げる要因の一つであると言うだけで、その背景にはすでに温暖化によって高くなった地球の平均気温があります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>「<strong>エルニーニョが発生したから暑い</strong>」<strong>というだけでは説明できないほど、世界の気温が高い水準に達していることです。</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">自然の変動であるエルニーニョと、人間の活動による気候変動。この2つが重なり合うことで、猛暑や干ばつ、豪雨による農業への打撃が深刻化し、今、世界の食料システムそのものが大きな試練に直面しているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/el-nino-english/">What Is El Niño? Causes, Effects, and Its Role in a Warming World</a></p>
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		<title>What Is the AMOC? A Beginner&#8217;s Guide to the Atlantic Ocean Circulation</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/amoc-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2026 10:13:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22623</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What is the AMOC? Learn how this Atlantic Ocean circulation system works, why it is important, and why scientists are concerned about its future in a warming world.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br><br><br>When reading articles about climate change, you often come across mysterious acronyms made up of nothing more than a string of capital letters. And there is one abbreviation that has been popping up everywhere lately: <strong>AMOC</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Since it&#8217;s often shown alongside illustrations of ocean currents, I always assumed it had something to do with the sea. But every time I considered looking it up, I got the feeling I was about to open the door to a rather complicated topic, so I kept putting it off. <br><br><br>As it turns out, though, AMOC is one of the most important concepts for understanding climate change. <br><br><br><br>So, in this article, let&#8217;s take a closer look at what AMOC actually is.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is AMOC?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22603" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555958643206966;width:486px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jenna Bash</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First of all, <strong>AMOC</strong> ( pronounced <em>&#8220;AY-mock&#8221;</em> ) stands for <strong>Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation</strong>.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Breaking the name down:<br><br>Atlantic = the Atlantic Ocean<br>Meridional = running from north to south<br>Overturning = water moving between the surface and the deep ocean<br>Circulation = circulation<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Simply put, </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>AMOC is a huge ocean circulation system that moves water from north to south and south to north across the Atlantic Ocean.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The word <strong>“meridional”</strong> comes from a geographical concept. It describes a vertical plane that passes through the Earth’s axis, including the line connecting the North and South Poles.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Warm seawater is lighter, so it flows along the surface of the ocean. On the other hand, seawater cooled in the northern ocean becomes saltier as sea ice forms, making it denser and causing it to sink into the deep ocean.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In other words, when we look at the Atlantic Ocean from a north–south cross-section, </p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>AMOC works like a giant conveyor belt: it carries warm water northward, where it cools and sinks into the deep ocean, while colder water flows back south.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does AMOC do?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22604" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555811542449027;width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by dmx</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To understand why AMOC is so important, we first need to understand that &#8230;  </p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>ocean currents are much more than just moving seawater — they play a vital role in transporting heat around the planet.</strong> </h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The Sun does not heat the Earth evenly. As a result, regions near the equator are much warmer, while areas closer to the North and South Poles remain much colder.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One of the systems that helps balance this difference is the AMOC.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Think of the AMOC as a giant heat transport system. Through currents such as the Gulf Stream, it carries warm water north and sends cold, deep water back south.<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Thanks to this, Europe has relatively mild winters compared with eastern Canada, even though they are located at similar latitudes.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The influence of the AMOC is not limited to Europe.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because the oceans constantly exchange heat and moisture with the atmosphere, changes in the AMOC can affect climates around the world, altering rainfall patterns, sea surface temperatures, marine ecosystems, and even fisheries. As a result, they could also have a wide range of impacts on our daily lives.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why is AMOC receiving so much attention now?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22605" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555674004583977;width:509px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Hubert Neufeld</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So, why has AMOC been receiving so much attention around the world in recent years?</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The reason is that scientists believe <strong>climate change could weaken this important ocean circulation system</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>AMOC works because seawater in the North Atlantic cools, becomes denser, and sinks into the deep ocean. However, as the climate warms, large amounts of ice melt from Greenland, and the meltwater flows into the North Atlantic.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because this water contains very little salt, it reduces the salinity of the seawater, making it less dense than before. As a result, the water that would normally sink into the deep ocean does not sink as easily, leading scientists to believe that the AMOC&#8217;s &#8220;conveyor belt&#8221; could weaken.<br><br><br><br>Scientists have not concluded that the AMOC will shut down in the near future. However, many studies suggest that it may already be weakening, and researchers around the world are actively investigating the risk that it could weaken even further in the years ahead.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What happens if AMOC weakens?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22606" style="width:504px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Hans</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So, what would happen if the AMOC became even weaker? How might it affect our daily lives?</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If the AMOC weakens significantly, winters in Europe could become colder than they are today.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">For example, one scenario from the UK Met Office suggests that the UK&#8217;s average temperature could fall by around 5–6°C. On the other hand, summers would not simply become cooler. In some regions, rainfall could decrease, increasing the risk of drought.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Since the AMOC is closely linked to the Earth&#8217;s climate system, changes in its strength could alter rainfall patterns around the world and increase the risk of extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall and droughts.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Such changes could also affect agriculture and fisheries, with impacts that may eventually extend to food supplies and our daily lives.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Of course, this does not mean that all of these changes will happen in the immediate future. However, the AMOC is a vital system that helps regulate the Earth&#8217;s climate, and it is precisely because changes to this system could have global impacts that researchers around the world are paying close attention.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And that brings us to the end of this article. The next time you come across the term &#8220;AMOC&#8221; in the news, I hope you will remember: &#8220;Ah, that&#8217;s the giant ocean circulation system in the Atlantic.&#8221;<br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/amoc/">AMOCとは？地球の気候を支える巨大な海のベルトコンベア</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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		<title>AMOCとは？地球の気候を支える巨大な海のベルトコンベア</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/amoc/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 23:37:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22601</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[最近注目されている「AMOC」とは何なのか？地球の気候を支える巨大な海の循環システムの仕組みと、温暖化による影響を解説します。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも、コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br><br><br>気候関連の記事を読んでいると、時々アルファベットの頭文字を並べただけの謎の略語が出現します。<br>&#8230;とは以前の記事でも書きましたが、その中でもここ最近、特によく目にするのがこの&#8221;<strong>AMOC</strong>&#8220;。<br><br><br>海流のイラストと一緒に紹介されている事が多いので「海に関係してるんやろな。」とは思っていましたが、いざフタを開けるとちょっと難しい話が待っていそうなので、しばらく封印状態にしてきました。<br><br><br>ところが、いざ調べてみると、気候変動を理解するうえで欠かせないとても重要なキーワード。<br><br><br><br>というわけで今回は、この &#8220;<strong>AMOC</strong>&#8221; について見ていきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">AMOCとは？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22603" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555811542449027;width:490px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/jenna-bash-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jenna Bash</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、<strong>AMOC</strong> (エイゥモックと発音）とは、<strong>Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation</strong> の略で、日本語では、「大西洋子午面循環」（たいせいよう しごめん じゅんかん）と訳されます。<br><br><br>Atlantic = 大西洋<br>Meridional = 南北方向の<br>Overturning = 上下が入れ替わる<br>Circulation = 循環<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">簡単に言えば、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>大西洋で起こる南北方向の巨大な海洋循環システム</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>となります。<br><br><br><br><br>日本語訳で「子午面」という言葉が出てきますが、これは地球に関する用語で、北極と南極を結ぶ線（経線）を含んで、地球をスパッと縦に切った断面のことを指します。<br><br><br>暖かい海水は軽いので、海の表面を流れます。一方で、北の海で冷やされた海水は、海氷ができることで塩分が濃くなり、重くなって深海へ沈みます。<br><br><br><br>つまりAMOCは、大西洋を南北方向の断面で見たときに、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>暖かい海水を北へ運び、それが冷えて深海へ沈み、冷たい水が南へ戻るという、巨大なベルトコンベアのような働きをするシステム</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ということになります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">AMOCはどんな役割を果たしているの？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22604" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556019194658877;width:494px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/dmz-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by dmx</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AMOCがなぜ重要なのかを理解するには、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>海流というものが単なる海水の流れではなく、地球規模で熱を運ぶ役割をしている</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ということを知っておく必要があります。<br><br><br><br>太陽の光は、地球のそれぞれの地に異なる強さで届くため、赤道付近がめちゃめちゃ暑くなるのに比べ、北極や南極に近づくと気温は低くなります。<br><br><br>そこで重要な役割を果たしているのが、AMOCによる海洋循環。<br><br><br><br>AMOCは、その一部であるメキシコ湾流などを通して、暖かい海水を南から北へ運び、冷たい海水を海の深いところを通して南へ戻すことで、大量の熱を大西洋の中で移動させています。</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>その結果、ヨーロッパは同じくらいの緯度にあるカナダ東部と比べて、冬でも比較的穏やかな気候になっているのです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、AMOCが影響を与えるのはヨーロッパだけではありません。<br><br><br>海洋は大気と熱や水分をやり取りしているので、AMOCが変化すると、世界各地の気候や雨の降り方、海面水温、海洋生態系、さらには漁業にも影響が及んで、私たちの生活にもさまざまな変化をもたらす可能性があるのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">なぜ今、AMOCが世界中で注目されているのか？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22605" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555674004583977;width:530px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hubert-neufeld-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Hubert Neufeld</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">じゃあ、なぜここ最近、この &#8220;AMOC&#8221; が世界的に注目されているのか？<br><br><br>その理由は、<strong>地球温暖化によってAMOCが弱まる可能性がある</strong>と考えられているからです。<br><br><br><br>AMOCは、北大西洋で海水が冷やされ、重くなって深海へ沈むことで成り立っています。しかし、地球温暖化が進むと、グリーンランドの氷が大量に溶け、その氷が溶けてできた水が北大西洋へ流れ込みます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この水には塩分がほとんど含まれていないため、海水の塩分濃度が下がり、海水はこれまでほど重くならなくなります。そうなると、もともと深海へ沈むはずだった海水が沈みにくくなって、AMOCのベルトコンベアの力が弱まるのではないかと考えられているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>まだ近い将来にAMOCが止まってしまうという結論が出ているわけではないのですが、多くの研究でAMOCが弱まってきている可能性が指摘されていて、この先さらに弱まるリスクについて世界中の研究者が活発に調査を続けています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">AMOCが弱まると私たちの未来はどうなる？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22606" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556125326906312;width:526px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/hans-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Hans</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">それでは、もしAMOCがさらに弱まったら、私たちの暮らしにはどのような影響が出てくるのでしょうか？<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">AMOCが大きく弱まれば、ヨーロッパでは冬が現在より寒くなる可能性があります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">例えば、英国気象庁のシナリオでは、英国全体の平均気温が約5〜6℃低下する可能性も示されています。一方で、夏は単純に涼しくなるというわけではなく、地域によっては雨が減って干ばつが起こりやすくなることも懸念されています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>また、AMOCは世界の気候にも大きく関わっているため、雨の降る場所や量が変わったり、豪雨や干ばつなどの異常気象が増えたりする可能性があるとも言われています。<br><br><br><br>こうした変化は農業や漁業にも影響を及ぼすことになるので、食料供給や私たちの暮らしにも影響が広がる可能性が予測されています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">もちろん、これらがすぐに現実になると決まったわけではありません。しかし、AMOCは地球の気候を支える重要なシステムであり、その変化が世界中に大きな影響を及ぼす可能性があるからこそ、多くの研究者が注目しているのです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで、今回の記事は以上となります。ニュースで「AMOC」という言葉を見かけたときに、「ああ、あの大西洋の巨大な海流のことか」と思い出していただけたら嬉しいです。<br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/amoc-english/">What Is the AMOC? A Beginner&#8217;s Guide to the Atlantic Ocean Circulation</a><br><br><br></p>
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		<title>Vulture Capitalism Explained: BlackRock, Neoliberalism and the Fight to Reclaim Democracy</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 20:54:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inequality]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22563</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A summary of Grace Blakeley’s Vulture Capitalism, exploring neoliberalism, BlackRock, financial power, inequality, climate change, and the future of democracy.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book I&#8217;m introducing today is&nbsp;<em>&#8220;<strong>Vulture Capitalism&#8221;</strong></em>&nbsp;by <strong>Grace Blakeley</strong>, a Marxist economist, political commentator, journalist, and author who has been actively speaking out about growing economic inequality in the UK.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="370" height="522" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png" alt="" class="wp-image-22493" style="aspect-ratio:0.7088245802072168;width:246px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png 370w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture-213x300.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the gap between rich and poor has grown even wider across the world. At the same time, right-wing populism and far-right movements have gained momentum in countries such as the United States, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, and Israel. <br><br><br>And here in the UK, we are increasingly seeing the consequences of these changes as well.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>These days, it&#8217;s incredibly easy to scroll through social media and come across conspiracy theories, misinformation, and wild speculation. That&#8217;s why I believe reading well-researched, evidence-based books like this is more important than ever.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>At a time when so many people are feeling uncertain about the future, the greatest value of this book is that it doesn’t simply describe the crises we face today. Instead, it explains the hidden story behind how we got here.<br><br><br>It helps us understand where we stand today and the historical path that has brought us here.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who is Grace Blakeley?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="695" height="729" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-22496" style="aspect-ratio:0.9534020618556701;width:293px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg 695w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley-286x300.jpeg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Screenshot</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First, a quick introduction to the author.<br><br><br>Grace Blakeley, who is still in her early thirties, is a democratic socialist and describes herself as a Marxist rather than an economist.<br><br><br>After working as a columnist for the political weekly&nbsp;<em>New Statesman</em>&nbsp;and other publications, she gained widespread attention with her third book,&nbsp;<strong><em>Vulture Capitalism</em>.</strong><br><br><br>In recent years, she has been speaking out about the growing severity of economic inequality. Arguing that ordinary people need to take action if we are to stop inequality from getting even worse, she continues to speak to audiences around the country to spread that message.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Below is a clip from when she appeared on&nbsp;<em>PoliticsJOE</em>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="How capitalism enslaved us all | Grace Blakeley interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CLPGrdRid7Y?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>She previously supported the Labour Party during Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership. However, in 2023, she left the party, saying she disagreed with Keir Starmer’s comments on the Gaza conflict. <br><br><br>She now supports the Green Party, led by Zack Polanski.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Does the Free Market Really Exist?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22499" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555677756392632;width:520px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tina Park</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When people hear the word “capitalism”, one of the first things that often comes to mind is the idea of a “<strong>free market</strong>”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This concept generally refers to &#8230; </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a system in which the state intervenes as little as possible, allowing participants such as sole traders, family-run shops, small and medium-sized businesses, and large corporations to compete freely within the market.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>The idea is that this kind of competition leads to better products, better services, and innovation. In the end, consumers enjoy a more comfortable and prosperous life. <br><br>Wouldn’t this be the kind of capitalism that many people tend to imagine?<br><br><br><br>In other words&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Capitalism ➡︎ Free market ➡︎ Competition ➡︎ Prosperity and freedom</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>However, from the 1980s onwards, under leaders such as Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States, capitalist policy shifted towards <strong>neoliberalism</strong>.<br><br><br>As a result, this structure began to break down.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Neoliberalism refers to &#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">a modern policy approach that places a strong emphasis on free market competition. To achieve this, governments promote deregulation, privatisation, and institutional reforms, while at the same time limiting their direct intervention in market transactions and competition.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>At first glance, neoliberalism appears to be an idea that reduces state intervention and leaves markets to operate freely.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, according to Blakeley, the state has not actually withdrawn. Instead, its intervention has been redirected to create market conditions that benefit large corporations and financial institutions.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>As a result, large companies often receive government subsidies, and during crises such as the 2008 financial crash, banks and financial institutions that took excessive risks were rescued with public money to prevent collapse.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In addition, through lobbying, corporations are able to influence politicians and policy-making, securing regulations and reforms that work in their favour.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She also quotes the American economist Thorstein Veblen in her book:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The competitive process naturally creates incentives to try to change the rules to one&#8217;s own advantage.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>If that&#8217;s the case, then modern capitalism is no longer run by free market competition. Instead, it is shaped by the power of governments and large corporations. In other words, the &#8220;free and competitive market&#8221; that capitalism promised no longer really exists.<br><br><br><br><br>The result is something like this:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Neoliberalism ➡︎ Deregulation ➡︎ The growth of large corporations ➡︎ Market dominance ➡︎ Greater political influence</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>According to Blakeley, this has created a system that ultimately leads to widening economic inequality.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She also argues that the very term &#8220;free market&#8221; gives the impression that competition takes place under fair and equal rules, making the reality of the system much harder to see.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Putting Limits on the Power of Capital</strong></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22508" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555992914780554;width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Leonhard_Niederwimmer</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Capitalism is &#8230; </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a social system based on the class division between those who own the means of production and those who do not. Those without ownership must sell their labour in order to make a living.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, the defining feature of capitalism is the relationship between those who own the resources and means of production needed to produce goods and services, and those who must work for them because they do not.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, since neoliberal policies were introduced in the 1980s, companies have become increasingly focused on maximising profits and shareholder value. According to Blakeley, this has changed the way capitalism works, so that it no longer necessarily benefits society as a whole.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>She points to several clear examples, including the exploitation of workers by large corporations, increasing environmental damage, and the growing concentration of market power.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Workers Under Pressure: Amazon as an Example</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Take Amazon, for example, one of the world&#8217;s largest platform companies.<br><br><br>According to the book, workers at Amazon warehouses in the UK are expected to process one package every nine seconds on average while working from 7:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.<br><br>The book also describes cases in which female employees were allegedly treated unfairly after taking maternity leave, as well as instances in which the company allegedly tried to prevent workers from organising and standing up for their rights.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These examples illustrate the danger of allowing the pursuit of efficiency and profit to take priority over workers&#8217; health and rights.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹The Environmental Cost of Overproduction</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One issue that particularly shocked me was Amazon&#8217;s problem of large-scale waste.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the book, <strong>Amazon is said to dispose of millions of new, unsold products every year, including items such as televisions and smartphones.</strong><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In fact, reports revealed that internal documents from an Amazon warehouse in Scotland showed that more than 120,000 items were marked for disposal in just one week. In some weeks, the number was said to have reached nearly 200,000 items.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Naturally, the process of producing, transporting, and eventually disposing of these products consumes vast amounts of energy and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to Amazon&#8217;s own figures, the company&#8217;s greenhouse gas emissions reached 71.54 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent in 2021, an 18% increase compared with the previous year.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If Amazon were considered a country, its emissions would be comparable to those of Kenya, a nation with a population of around 53 million people.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Who Controls Our Food System?</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley is not only questioning how individual companies behave.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She is also highlighting the fact that, through repeated mergers and acquisitions, much of the agricultural and food system has come under the control of a handful of powerful corporations.<br><br><br>In essential agricultural sectors such as seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers, the market has come to be dominated by just a handful of giant corporations, including&nbsp; <strong>Bayer</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>Corteva</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>Syngenta</strong>,  and&nbsp;<strong>BASF</strong>. <br><br><br>As a result, competition has weakened, increasing the risk that food security and farmers&#8217; choices will be undermined.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Neoliberalism was originally supposed to promote efficiency and prosperity through free competition. In reality, however, competition has allowed giant corporations to become even bigger, creating the ironic situation in which they come to dominate the market itself.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That is why Blakeley argues that we need a system that places democratic checks on the power of giant corporations, rather than leaving the market entirely to the state or allowing corporations to do as they please.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How Shareholder Value Changed Everything</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22524" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556316330023965;width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Benjamin Behre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to Blakeley, the spread of neoliberalism from the 1980s onward encouraged many companies to put shareholder returns ahead of long-term investment and the welfare of the people who work for them.<br><br><br>A classic example featured in the book is&nbsp;Ford Motor Company, the American car manufacturer.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ford was once one of America&#8217;s leading manufacturers, employing large numbers of workers to build cars. However, Blakeley argues that in recent years its financial business has become increasingly important, and that the company&#8217;s focus has shifted from making good cars to delivering returns to shareholders. In fact, she notes that between 2012 and 2020, Ford returned 100 percent of its net profits to shareholders.<br><br><br><br>Of course, providing returns to shareholders is one of a company&#8217;s important responsibilities.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>However, when it becomes the top priority, there is a risk that too little money will be invested in new equipment, research and development, and the people who work for the company.</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Another example presented at the very beginning of the book is&nbsp;Boeing.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to her, the company&#8217;s drive to maximize profits and boost its share price led to safety concerns being overlooked, ultimately resulting in serious accidents. Yet even after these tragedies, it is the company that is held accountable, while the executives who made the key decisions are rarely prosecuted or held personally criminally liable.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She argues that this is what truly reveals the nature of neoliberalism. It is not that the power of the state has weakened, but rather that it has come to be used to protect the interests of capitalists and corporate executives instead of those of workers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who Really Controls the World&#8217;s Money?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22528" style="width:500px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by van3ssa</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We tend to think that companies compete with one another in a free market. However, Blakeley points out that, behind the scenes, a small number of powerful asset managers have become major forces shaping the global economy.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The book highlights <strong>BlackRock</strong> as a leading example: one of the largest asset management firms in the world.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Unlike Amazon or Ford, BlackRock is not a company that provides products or services directly to consumers. Instead, it makes money by investing funds collected from pension funds and investors into companies around the world.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As a result, it is not unusual for <strong>the same asset management companies to be major shareholders in companies</strong> that appear to have nothing in common — from food companies whose products are sold in supermarkets to IT firms and pharmaceutical companies.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">She challenges this reality with a question: “In a supposedly free market, how is it that the same companies have come to hold such influence over businesses around the world?”<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">What is even more interesting is that much of the money managed by these asset management companies actually comes from our own pension funds.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Pension funds invest money in order to pay future pensions, and they often entrust the management of those investments to companies like BlackRock.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In other words, our own retirement savings are also being grown through investments in companies around the world.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This means that asset management companies are constantly under pressure to generate high returns. She argues that, as a result, companies may become more likely to prioritize cutting labour costs and rewarding shareholders, while giving less attention to workers, local communities, and the environment.<br><br><br><br>In this way, economic power has become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of powerful financial institutions. And their influence extends beyond corporate management, reaching into politics and society as a whole.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Central Banks and the Power of Financial Markets</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22532" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556269407859513;width:504px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by moritz320</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Most ordinary people assume that governments are the ones who run countries. However, Blakeley points out that, in today’s world, the power of financial markets and giant financial institutions has grown so significant that even governments find it difficult to ignore their influence when making policy decisions.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In this sense, the power of the state has not simply declined in the neoliberal era. Rather, the influence of financial institutions and investors who move money around the world has become stronger than ever before.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>One of the clearest examples of this shift is the idea of&nbsp;<strong>central bank independence</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In the past, politicians sometimes pressured central banks to “lower interest rates” or “print more money” because they wanted to boost the economy before elections and gain support from voters.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From the 1980s onward, the idea that “monetary policy should be managed by experts rather than politicians” became more widely accepted, and many countries moved towards granting greater independence to their central banks.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>However, Blakeley points out that this arrangement may have reduced direct political influence over monetary policy, but at the same time it allowed the ideas and interests of financial markets and financial institutions to gain greater influence over economic policy.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>For example, when a financial crisis occurs, central banks often give priority to rescuing banks because allowing them to fail could cause the entire economy to collapse. This can create a situation in which banks are effectively treated as “too special to fail.”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As a result, financial institutions may develop the sense that “even if they make mistakes, they will ultimately be rescued,” encouraging them to take greater risks.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As this process continues, governments increasingly make policy decisions while taking into account how financial markets will react. As a result, profits become concentrated in the financial sector, while the costs and risks are passed on to society as a whole, widening inequality.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the end, even democratically elected governments may find their choices constrained, as they hesitate to take action for fear of triggering a backlash from financial markets.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who Do the IMF and World Bank Really Serve?</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22535" style="aspect-ratio:1.55560056714604;width:516px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus-krisetya</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley also points out that the impact of neoliberalism extended to developing countries.<br><br><br>One example discussed in the book is Zambia.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Following a dramatic fall in copper prices, Zambia’s export revenues declined sharply. Then, when the United States raised interest rates substantially, the burden of servicing its dollar-denominated debt increased dramatically, placing the country under even greater financial pressure.<br><br><br>In the wake of this debt crisis, the <strong>World Bank</strong> and the <strong>IMF</strong> stepped in with an offer: “We&#8217;ll lend you money—but only if you agree to certain conditions.” <br><br><br>These conditions became known as&nbsp;<strong>Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs).</strong><br><br><br>The aim of&nbsp;SAPs&nbsp;was to make economies more efficient, reduce government budget deficits, and promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment. <br><br><br><br>Their policies included&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">■ Cutting government spending (austerity)<br>■ Privatising state-owned enterprises<br>■ Deregulation<br>■ Trade liberalisation<br>■ Reducing subsidies</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>It&#8217;s a set of policies that should sound familiar by now.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>As a result, government spending on education and healthcare was reduced, and living standards for ordinary people declined. Unemployment and poverty increased, while local industries struggled to compete with foreign companies. As a result, dependence on developed countries and international financial institutions deepened even further.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Through this process, foreign corporations expanded into developing countries, creating more low-paid and exploitative jobs that often involved dangerous physical labour.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Grace Blakeley&#8217;s Vision for Change</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22541" style="width:538px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Blakeley argues that the problem is not the existence of markets themselves, but the fact that giant financial institutions and investors that move money around the world have accumulated too much power. She believes that what matters is restoring democratic rules to this system.<br><br><br><br>One of the most inspiring stories in this chapter is the&nbsp;&#8220;Lucas Plan&#8221;. <br><br>The book describes how, in 1970s Britain, workers at a military manufacturing company proposed producing socially useful products — such as wind turbines and medical equipment — instead of weapons.<br><br><br>She also points out that because the development of new technologies is largely controlled by giant corporations and a small number of wealthy individuals, these technologies are often designed with the goal of generating profits above all else.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In order to build a truly democratic society, she argues that technology should be used not for the benefit of a small group of wealthy people, but for the benefit of society as a whole.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For this reason, she argues that &#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>each of us needs to recognise that politics is not just about voting in elections. We need to understand that joining together with our colleagues to demand better wages, protesting against the climate crisis, and working with our neighbours to protect a local library are all forms of political participation.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Blakeley emphasises that the greatest obstacle is not the overwhelming power of a small group of wealthy elites, but the widespread belief that <strong>real change is simply impossible</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Perhaps that is why what we need most is to let go of that belief, reconnect with those around us, and, through countless small acts, rediscover the possibility that society really can be changed.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><br>So, that&#8217;s all for today.<br><br><br>This book is full of the knowledge we need to understand the crises of our time and to begin thinking seriously about how to tackle growing inequality and climate change.<br><br>Every single page is dense and thought-provoking, but I genuinely believe that if more people were to read this book, we would have a much better chance of solving many of the problems humanity faces today.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Bye now,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism/">新自由主義とは何だったのか？『Vulture Capitalism』から読み解く現代資本主義の問題点</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>新自由主義とは何だったのか？『Vulture Capitalism』から読み解く現代資本主義の問題点</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:58:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inequality]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22492</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[なぜ格差は広がり、企業は株主を最優先するようになったのでしょうか。『Vulture Capitalism』をもとに、新自由主義の歴史、巨大金融資本の台頭、BlackRockや中央銀行の役割、そして民主主義を取り戻すためのヒントをわかりやすく紹介します。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも、コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br><br><br>今回紹介する本は、経済格差が広がるイギリスで精力的に活動を続けるマルクス経済学者であり、政治評論家、ジャーナリスト、作家でもある<strong>グレース・ブレイクリー</strong>さんの著書<em>『<strong>Vulture Capitalism</strong>』</em>。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="370" height="522" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png" alt="" class="wp-image-22493" style="aspect-ratio:0.708828250401284;width:242px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture.png 370w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/vulture-213x300.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>コロナウィルスのパンデミック以降、世界各地で経済格差がさらに拡大する中、アメリカの右派ポピュリズムをはじめ、イタリア、ハンガリー、アルゼンチン、イスラエルなどで極右の政党が勢力を伸ばしており、こうした動きの影響はイギリスでも強く感じられます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>そんな中、憶測による陰謀論や偽情報（ディスインフォメーション）が飛び交うSNSで手軽に情報を拾うのではなく、証拠や確かな裏付けに基づいたこのような本を読むことは、今の時代において非常に大切なことです。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>将来への不安が広がる今の時代において、この本の最大の価値は、現在の危機そのものではなく、それを形づくってきた「知られざる背景」にスポットライトを当てている点にあります。<br><br><br>私たちが現在どのような位置に立っているのか、そして世界がどのような歴史的過程を経て現在に至ったのかを理解するための重要な手がかりを与えてくれる一冊です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>グレース・ブレイクリー</strong>さんってどんな人？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="695" height="729" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-22496" style="aspect-ratio:0.9533769829063585;width:289px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley.jpeg 695w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-blakeley-286x300.jpeg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まだ30代前半のグレイス・ブレイクリーさんは、民主社会主義者であり、自らを経済学者というよりもマルクス主義者だと表現しています。<br><br><br>彼女は政治週刊誌 New Statesman などでコラムニストとして活動した後、この3冊目の著書<em>『<strong>Vulture Capitalism</strong>』</em>によって大きな注目を集めるようになりました。<br><br><br>近年は、急速に拡大する経済格差の深刻さを訴え、その流れを食い止めるために行動を起こす必要があるとして、各地で一般市民に向けた発信を続けています。<br><br><br><br><br>下は、&#8221;POLITICS JOE&#8221; に出演した際の映像。</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="How capitalism enslaved us all | Grace Blakeley interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CLPGrdRid7Y?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ブレイクリーさんはかつて、ジェレミー・コービン時代の労働党を支持していました。しかし、ガザ戦争をめぐるキア・スターマーの発言に反発し、2023年に労働党を離党したことを明らかにしています。そして現在は、ザック・ポランスキーが率いる Green Party を支持しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">自由市場は本当に存在するのか？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22499" style="width:510px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/free-market-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Tina Park</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず「資本主義」という言葉を聞いて、多くの人が思い浮べるのが「<strong>自由市場</strong>」です。<br><br><br><br>そして、その考え方は、基本的に&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>国家ができるだけ介入せず、個人事業主や家族経営などの商店、中小企業、大企業などの参加者が自由に競争できる市場</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>を指します。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この競争によって、より良い商品やサービス、技術革新 (イノベーション)が生まれ、消費者もより豊かで快適な暮らしを享受できるというのが、多くの人がイメージする資本主義ではないでしょうか？<br><br><br><br>つまり&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">資本主義  ➡︎  自由市場  ➡︎  競争  ➡︎  豊かさと自由</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という形だったのですが&#8230; <br><br><br>資本主義の政策が、1980年以降にイギリスのマーガレット・サッチャー首相やアメリカのロナルド・レーガン大統領によって、<strong>新自由主義</strong>（ネオリベラリズム）に移行した結果、上のような構造が崩れてしまいました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ちなみに、この新自由主義とは&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>市場の自由競争を重視し、その実現のために政府が規制緩和や民営化、制度改革を進める一方、市場の取引や競争にはできるだけ介入しない</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という現代的な政策思想です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>一見すると新自由主義は、「国家（政府）の介入を減らし、市場に任せる思想」のように見えます。<br><br><br>しかしブレイクリーさんによると、実際には国家の介入がなくなったわけではなく、むしろ、その介入は巨大企業や金融機関に有利な市場環境を作るために利用されるようになったのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>これによって巨大企業は政府から補助金を受けたり、2008年の金融危機で見られたように、過度なリスクを取った金融機関や銀行が崩壊の危機に陥った際には、国民の税金によって救済されたりしてきました。</strong><br><br><br>また、ロビー活動を通じて政治家や政策決定に影響を与え、自らに有利な制度や規制緩和を実現する力も持っています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>彼女が本の中で引用しているアメリカの経済学者ソースタイン・ヴェブレンの言葉を借りれば</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The competitive process naturally creates incentives to try to change the rules to one&#8217;s own advantage.&nbsp;</strong><br><br>「競争が続くと、人々は自分に有利になるようにルールそのものを変えようとするようになる。」</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>となります。<br><br><br><br>こうなってくると、現代の資本主義では、国家と巨大企業の権力によって運営されることとなり、約束された「自由な競争市場」は存在しないことになります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">新自由主義  ➡︎  規制緩和  ➡︎  巨大企業の成長  ➡︎  市場支配  ➡︎  政治への影響力の拡大</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という流れが生まれ、結果として経済格差が拡大するシステムになってしまった、とブレイクリーは指摘しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そして彼女は、「自由市場」という言葉そのものが、公平なルールのもとで自由な競争が行われているかのようなイメージを与え、この現実を見えにくくしていると主張しているのです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">資本の力に適切な歯止めをかける</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22508" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555879636381313;width:499px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/capital-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Leonhard_Niederwimmer</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">資本主義とは&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>生産手段を所有する資本家と、その生産手段を持たず労働力を提供して生計を立てる労働者との階級的な分離によって成り立つ社会制度。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>つまり、商品やサービスを生み出すために必要な資源や生産手段を所有する側と、それらを持たないために働くことで生活を支える側との関係が根本的な特徴となっているわけです。<br><br><br><br>しかし、1980年代に新自由主義的な政策が導入されて以来、企業利益や株主価値の最大化がこれまで以上に重視されるようになり、その結果、資本主義の仕組みそのものが社会全体にとって必ずしも望ましい結果を生み出さなくなったととブレイクリーさんは指摘しています。<br><br><br>その代表例として挙げられているのが、巨大企業による労働者の搾取や環境負荷の増大、そして市場の寡占化です。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹労働者への影響 ― Amazonの労働環境</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">例えば、世界最大級のプラットフォーム企業であるAmazon。<br><br><br>本書によれば、イギリスのAmazonの倉庫では、従業員たちは午前7時30分から午後6時まで働くなかで、平均して9秒ごとに1個の荷物を処理することが求められているといいます。<br><br><br>また、妊娠中に休暇を取得した女性従業員が不利益な扱いを受けたという事例や、労働者が団結して権利を主張しようとする動きを企業側が阻止しようとしていた事例も紹介されています。&nbsp;<br><br><br>こうした事例は、効率性や利益の追求が労働者の健康や権利よりも優先されてしまう危険性を示しています。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹環境への影響 ― 大量廃棄とCO₂排出</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さらに僕が特に衝撃を受けたのが、Amazonによる大量廃棄の問題です。<br><br><br><br>本書によると、<strong>Amazonは売れ残ったテレビやスマートフォンなどの新品商品を毎年何百万点も廃棄している</strong>とされています。<br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">実際にスコットランドの倉庫では、内部資料から1週間で12万点以上の商品が廃棄対象となっていたことが報じられ、週によっては20万点近くに達したともいわれています。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>当然ながら、こうした商品の製造から輸送、そして廃棄に至るまでの過程では大量のエネルギーが消費され、多くの温室効果ガスが排出されます。</strong><br><br><br>Amazon自身の発表によると、2021年の温室効果ガス排出量は二酸化炭素換算で7,154万トンに達し、前の年の排出量から18％増加。<br><br><br>もしAmazonを一つの国家として考えるとすると、その排出量は人口約5,300万人のケニア一国に匹敵する規模となります。<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹農業・食料システムの寡占化</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんが問題視しているのは、個々の企業の行動だけではありません。<br><br>企業の買収や合併が繰り返された結果、農業や食料システムの重要な部分が少数の巨大企業によって支配されるようになっていることも指摘しています。<br><br><br>種子や農薬、肥料といった農業には欠かせない分野では、<strong>Bayer</strong>、<strong>Corteva</strong>、<strong>Syngenta</strong>、<strong>BASF</strong>といったごく少数の巨大企業に市場が独占されていて、その結果として競争が弱まり、食料供給の安定性や農家の選択肢が損なわれるリスクが高まっていると言われています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">本来、新自由主義は自由な競争によって効率性や豊かさを実現するとされてきました。しかし現実には、競争の結果として巨大企業がさらに巨大化し、市場そのものを支配するようになるという皮肉な状況が生まれているのです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>だからこそブレイクリー氏は、市場を完全に国家へ委ねるのでも、企業に好き勝手に任せるのでもなく、巨大化した資本の力に民主的な歯止めをかける仕組みが必要だと主張しているのです。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">「株主価値の最大化」がすべてを変えた</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22524" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555795614129848;width:495px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/benjamin-behre-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Benjamin Behre</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんはまた、1980年代から新自由主義が浸透して以来、多くの企業が長期的な成長や働く人々の生活を支えることよりも、株主への利益還元を優先するようになったと言っています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その象徴的な例として本の中で取り上げられているのが、アメリカの自動車メーカーである Ford Motor Company。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">かつてFordは、多くの労働者を雇いながら車を生産するアメリカを代表する製造業でした。しかし近年では金融事業の比重が高まり、企業の目的も「良い車をつくること」より「株主へ利益を還元すること」に傾いていったと彼女は指摘しています。実際、2012年から2020年にかけては純利益の100％を株主へ還元していたといいます。<br><br><br>もちろん株主への利益の還元は、企業にとって重要な役割の一つです。<br><br><br><strong>しかし、それが最優先事項になると、設備への投資や研究開発、働く人たちへの投資に十分なお金が回らなくなる危険性があります。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>さらに本の冒頭では、航空機メーカーのBoeingの事例も紹介されています。<br><br><br>利益や株価を優先するあまり、安全性への配慮が軽視され、その結果として重大な事故につながった例が書かれています。しかも事故の後も、責任を負うのは会社であって、意思決定をした経営陣個人が刑事責任を問われることはほとんどありません。<br><br><br>彼女は、こうした現実こそが新自由主義の本質を示していると考えています。国家の力が弱まったのではなく、その力が労働者ではなく資本家や経営者の利益を守る方向へと使われるようになったというのです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">誰が世界のお金を動かしているのか</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22528" style="width:502px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/van3ssa-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by van3ssa</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">自由市場では企業同士が競争している、と私たちは考えています。しかしブレイクリーさんは、その裏側ではごく少数の巨大資産運用会社が世界経済に大きな影響力を持つようになっていると指摘します。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その代表的な例として本の中で書かれているのが、世界最大級の資産運用会社である<strong>BlackRock</strong>。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">BlackRockはAmazonやFordのように商品やサービスを提供する企業ではなく、年金基金や投資家から集めたお金を、世界中の企業に投資することで利益を上げる会社です。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その結果、スーパーで売られている食品会社からIT企業、製薬会社まで、一見すると何のつながりもない企業の背後で、<strong>同じ資産運用会社が大株主になっている</strong>ことも珍しくありません。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">彼女は、このような状況に対して「自由市場なのに、なぜ同じ企業が世界中の企業を支配しているのか」と問いかけます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">さらに興味深いのは、こうした資産運用会社が扱う資金の多くが、実は私たちの年金に関わるお金だということです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>年金基金は将来の年金を支払うために資金を運用しており、その運用をBlackRockのような会社に任せています。<br><br><br>つまり、私たちの老後のお金もまた、世界中の企業への投資を通じて増やされているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ということは、資産運用会社には常に高い利益が求められます。その結果、企業は労働コストの削減や株主への利益還元を優先しやすくなり、労働者や地域社会、環境への配慮が後回しになることもあると彼女は指摘しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">こうして経済における権力が、少数の巨大金融機関へと集中していきます。そして、その影響は企業経営だけでなく、政治や社会全体にも及んでいるというわけなのです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">中央銀行と金融市場の力関係</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22532" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556125326906312;width:510px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/moritz320-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by moritz320</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>私たち一般人は、国を動かしているのは政府だと考えています。しかし、現代では金融市場や巨大金融機関の力が非常に大きくなって、政府でさえその動きを無視して政策を進めることが難しくなっていると、ブレイクリーさんは指摘しています。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">つまり、新自由主義の時代に国家の力が弱まったのではなく、むしろ世界のお金を動かす巨大な金融機関や投資家の力が、これまで以上に強くなったということになります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>その象徴の一つが「<strong>中央銀行の独立</strong>」です。<br><br><br><br>もともと政治家は、選挙前に景気を良くして有権者の支持を得たいと考えるため、中央銀行に「金利を下げてほしい」「お金をもっとプリントしてほしい」と圧力をかけることがありました。<br><br><br>そこで1980年代以降、「金融政策は政治家ではなく、専門家が担うべきだ」という考え方が広まり、多くの国で中央銀行の独立が進められました。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>しかしブレイクリーさんは、この仕組みによって政治からは一定の距離を保つ一方で、金融市場や金融業界の考え方が政策に反映されやすくなったと指摘しています。</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>例えば、金融危機などが起きた場合などは、銀行を救わないと経済が崩壊してしまうため、中央銀行は銀行を最優先で救済するようになり、「銀行が特別扱いされる」カタチが生まれてしまいます。<br><br><br>結果として、「失敗しても最後は助けてもらえる」という安心感が金融機関に生まれ、リスクの高い行動をとりやすくなるわけです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そうなってくると、政府は金融市場がどう反応するかを常に気にしながら政策を決めるようになり、その結果、利益は金融業界に集中し、損失やリスクを社会全体が負担することで、格差が拡大していきます。<br><br><br>民主的に選ばれた政府であっても、市場の反発を恐れ、自由に政策を実行しにくい社会ができてしまうということになります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">IMFと世界銀行は誰のために存在するのか？</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22535" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555969454274539;width:522px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/10c4e502ffd36819bbf3de6731d35239-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus-krisetya</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さらにブレイクリーさんは、新自由主義の影響は発展途上国にも及んだと指摘しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その例として紹介されているのがアフリカのザンビア。<br><br><br>銅価格の暴落で、輸出収入が激減したところに、アメリカが大幅な利上げをしたため、ドル建ての債務を抱えていたザンビアに、利息払いの負担が急増します。<br><br><br><br>この債務危機をきっかけに、<strong>世界銀行</strong>や<strong>IMF</strong>が「お金は貸しますよ。ただし条件があります。」と詰め寄ってきたわけですが、これが<strong>SAPs</strong> (<strong>structural adjustment programs</strong>）と呼ばれるものでした。<br><br><br><br>SAPsの目的は、経済を効率化して財政赤字を減らし、海外からの投資を呼び込んで経済成長を促進することでしたが、その内容はというと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">■ 政府支出の削減（緊縮財政）<br>■ 国営企業の民営化<br>■ 規制緩和<br>■ 貿易の自由化<br>■ 補助金の削減</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と、どこかで目にしたことがあるパターンです。<br><br><br><br>これによって、教育や医療への政府支出が削減され、一般市民の生活は悪化。失業や貧困が拡大するとともに、地元産業は海外企業との競争に耐えられなくなり、その結果、先進国や国際金融機関への依存が一層深まることになってしまいました。<br><br><br><br><strong>このような経過を経て、海外の企業が発展途上国に進出し、低賃金かつ危険な肉体労働を伴う搾取的な雇用が増加して、そのような労働が先進国におけるサービス業の拡大を支えてきたという構図になっているのです。</strong><br><br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">ブレイクリーさんが提案する解決策</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22541" style="width:518px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/grace-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ブレイクリーさんは、問題は「市場」があることではなく、世界のお金を動かす巨大な金融機関や投資家が、大きな力を持ちすぎてしまったことだと考えています。そして大切なのは、このような仕組みに民主的なルールを取り戻すことだと主張しています。<br><br><br><br>この章で特に印象的だったのが &#8220;Lucas Plan&#8221; と呼ばれる取り組み。1970年代のイギリスで、軍事関連の企業の労働者たちが自ら武器の代わりに、風力発電や医療機器など、社会にとって役に立つ製品を生産する計画を提案した記録が紹介されています。<br><br><br><br>また彼女は、新しいテクノロジーの開発は巨大企業や一部の富を握るもの達によって支配されているため、そのテクノロジーも利益を生み出すことが優先されやすくなっていると指摘しています。そして、民主的な社会を実現するには、テクノロジーも一部の富裕層のためではなく、市民全体の利益のために活用されるべきだと主張しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そのためには、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>私たち一人ひとりが、政治とは選挙だけではないと認識する事が大切です。同僚と団結して賃上げを要求すること、気候危機に抗議すること、さらには地域の図書館を守るために近隣の人々と力を合わせることも政治への参加なのだと理解する必要がある</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と彼女は述べています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ブレイクリーさんは、最大の障害は一部の富裕層の圧倒的な力ではなく、「<strong>変化など不可能だ</strong>」と何百万人もの人たちが信じ込んでしまっていることだと指摘しています。だからこそ私たちに必要なのは、その思い込みを手放して周りの人たちとつながり、小さな行動を積み重ねながら、「社会は変えられる」という可能性を取り戻していくことなのではないでしょうか。<br><br><br><br><br>&#8230; というわけで以上となります。<br><br><br>この本の内容には、現代社会の危機を把握し、格差社会の拡大や気候変動を解決するために、まず理解しておかなければならない知識が詰まっています。<br><br><br>１ページ、１ページ、かなりヘヴィーですが、この本をたくさんの人が手に取って読んでくれたなら、人類が抱えている問題は解決に向かうだろうと心から思いました。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/vulture-capitalism-english/">Vulture Capitalism Explained: BlackRock, Neoliberalism and the Fight to Reclaim Democracy</a></p>
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