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	<title>冠詞 / article | ”独り言英語のススメ”  BY コンカズ</title>
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	<description>グローバル化による個人の時代の到来... 英会話を日常生活の習慣として少しずつでも取り入れていこう！</description>
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		<title>Beat out those bloody articles!!!《Eigo-jiru vol.16》</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/eigo-jiru-016-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 16 Jan 2022 18:52:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[英語汁 / Eigo-jiru]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[冠詞 / article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=5737</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Hello there! It’s konkaz (@konkazuk) here.  Huh〜&#8230; “Article”&#8230; Just hearing the word “article” makes [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><br><br>Hello there! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) here. </p>



<p><strong>Huh〜&#8230;  “Article”&#8230;</strong><br><br>Just hearing the word “article” makes you sigh, doesn’t it?</p>



<p>When it comes to learning English, there are lots of other things to input, so you tend to put off such a seemingly less important matter until later&#8230;<br><br>And you leave it for a long time and have never actually touched it since then&#8230; therefore, it has been kept uncertain till today&#8230;<br><br>I guess there are quite a few people having a situation like this?<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/self.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>By the way, such a thing like “article” does not exist in Japanese language.</p>
</div></div>



<p><br><strong>Well, why don’t we make it clear by taking this opportunity, then?</strong><br></p>



<p></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-2"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-2">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>Let’s capture the “the”!</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">① <strong>The gathering of things (Union, United, Republic, etc)</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">② <strong>One and only</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">③ <strong>A body of water</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">④ <strong>Deserts, forests, and mountain ranges</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">⑤ <strong>The names of families</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">⑥ <strong>The name of musical instruments</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">⑦ <strong>public service systems, etc.</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">⑧ <strong>Something which has already been mentioned</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0"><strong>“a” and “an”</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc11" tabindex="0"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">When are they used?<span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc12" tabindex="0"><strong>countable noun / uncountable noun</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc13" tabindex="0"><strong>When to use “an”</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc14" tabindex="0"><strong>“No article”</strong> (zero article)</a><ul><li><a href="#toc15" tabindex="0">① <strong>When we are referring to things in general</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc16" tabindex="0">② <strong>The names of countries, states, cities, and streets</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc17" tabindex="0">③ <strong>The names of ports or games</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc18" tabindex="0">④ <strong>The names of meals</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc19" tabindex="0"><strong>⑤&nbsp;The names of lakes, individual mountains, islands, and continents</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc20" tabindex="0">⑥ <strong>Academic subjects</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc21" tabindex="0">⑦ <strong>The names of Language</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc22" tabindex="0">⑧ <strong>The names of seasons, months, days, holidays, and time</strong></a></li></ul></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>Let’s capture the “the”!</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="510" height="348" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5744" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design-1-300x205.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Fakurian-design</figcaption></figure></div>



<p><br>Right. We start with this one&#8230;</p>



<p>You might have an impression that “the” is generally put before something famous…</p>



<p>Well, it’s not quite right, however there are certain patterns that the article is put before something definite, and that’s why it is called “<strong>the definite article</strong>”.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">① <strong>The gathering of things (Union, United, Republic, etc)</strong></span></h3>



<p>Since the world has become more and more globalized in various aspects over the past 5-10 years, the information of what is going on around the world is surging in daily. <br><br>Therefore it is good to know in which case we need to put the indefinite article “the” before any types of nation or organisation, etc.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Essentially, “the” is not used before the name of countries.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>However, if it has got a collective form of <strong>some countries</strong> or <strong>states</strong> and has got the monarch (usually the word “<strong>Kingdom</strong>” is included in the name of the country) or it is led by the president or the prime minister and has got the form of “<strong>Republic</strong>”, “the” is required.</p>



<p><br>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>the&nbsp;United Kingdom, the United States of America, the&nbsp;Republic of Ireland, Republic of the Congo, the Republic of Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates,&nbsp;</strong>&#8230;and some old ones are&#8230; <strong>the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Ottoman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>By the way, the countries such as “The Netherlands” and “The Gambia” have got the definite article, although the name of these countries seem to be any other countries.</p>



<p>However, if you check their formal name, they are actually “the Kingdom of the Netherlands” and “the Republic of Gambia”.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are very confusing, aren’t they? <br></p>



<p>To be honest with you, if you investigate some other countries which are normally called without the definite article, their formal name actually includes the word “Republic”. (ex. the Italian Republic, the French Republic, and so on.)</p>



<p>So&#8230;, I guess we better draw the line here for the time being, and follow the way how they are called generally&#8230;<br><br></p>



<p><strong>“The” is also applied to the group of Islands.</strong><br></p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">the Solomon Islands, the Bahamas, the Galapagos Islands, etc.<span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></strong></h4>



<p><br><br>And also &#8220;the&#8221; is used before the name of organization which is being formed with some countries or similar sorts.<br></p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, the Commonwealth, the Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC), etc.<span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></strong></h4>



<p><br><br>I suppose if you see the words such as “United” and “Union”, you can use the definite article.</p>



<p>These words are often written with an informal way on the internet, so you might find them without “the”, however they all need the definite article when you call them with a formal way.<strong>&nbsp;<br></strong></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">② <strong>One and only</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>You use &#8220;the&#8221; before the noun which existence is the one and only.<br></p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the North, the West, the North Pole, the Antarctic, the world, the air, the morning, the evening, the King, the Pope,</strong>&nbsp;<strong>the president of&nbsp;〜, the Prime Minister, the CEO, the best&nbsp;〜, the most&nbsp;〜, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><br><strong><span style="color:#0095d9" class="tadv-color">＊one point＊</span></strong></p>



<p><strong>You need to be careful when it comes to calling planets.</strong><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">You need to put “the” before “earth” and “moon” because they are “common nouns” and are “the one and only” type. However regarding the other planets such as&nbsp;<strong>Mars</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Mercury</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Venus</strong>, and so on, even though they are “the one and only” type,<strong> they are “proper nouns”</strong>&nbsp;at the same time. Therefore the definite article is not applied just like you don’t put “the” before people’s name.</h5>



<p><br><br>As for “compass directions”, when they are used to designate a definite region, for example&#8230; “The South is hotter than the North.” (with capital letter), or when they follow prepositions, just like “to the east” or “towards the south”, the definite article is applied.&nbsp;</p>



<p><br><br>“The King” or “The Queen” is the one and only in the country, so the definite article is applied. However, when their names follow them, they are treated as title just like “Sir.”, “Lady” or “Mr.”, hence no article is to be applied. (ex “King George” and “Queen Elizabeth”)<strong>&nbsp;</strong><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="510" height="336" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt-1-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5747" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt-1-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt-1-1-300x198.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Hunter Harritt<br></figcaption></figure></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">③ <strong>A body of water</strong></span></h3>



<p>When a body of water has got a form as river, gulf, canal, ocean, etc. and it has got a name, you use “the”.</p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>the River Thames, the Straits of Dover, the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the River Nile, the Gulf of Mexico, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">④ <strong>Deserts, forests, and mountain ranges</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>When these geographical areas have got names, “the” is applied, however&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">you cannot use “the” with the names of individual mountains, such as Mount Fuji, Mount Kilimanjaro and so on, although “the” can be applied to mountain range (a group of mountains).<span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></h5>



<p><br>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>the Gobi, the Sahara, the Amazon Rainforest, the black forest, the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">⑤ <strong>The names of families</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>When you call the names of families such as Tokugawa-ke, Fujiwara-ke, Haus Habsburg-ke, and so on, you use the definite article before their surnames.</p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">The Tokugawas, The Bishops, The Andersons, The Rothchilds, etc.&nbsp;</span></strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">⑥ <strong>The name of musical instruments</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>the piano, the flute, the guitar, the trombone, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">⑦ <strong>public service systems, etc.</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">I was&nbsp;<strong>on the train&nbsp;</strong>when you called me. You can get all these informations on&nbsp;<strong>the internet</strong>.　The song was played on&nbsp;<strong>the radio</strong>. I&#8217;m on&nbsp;<strong>the bus</strong>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The police</strong>&nbsp;are investigating the cause of the accident.&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The wi-fi</strong>&nbsp;is available, here, etc.</h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">⑧ <strong>Something which has already been mentioned</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>So, this is the situation where we Japanese translate “the” as “sono”<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>“The” is used for something that has already been mentioned in the conversation and has become something specific for the speaker/listener, or the writer/reader.</strong></h5>



<p><br><br>For example&#8230;</p>



<p>If someone just says, “a ten thousand-yen note”, it cannot be specified, because “a ten thousand-yen note” exists all over Japan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At this point, it is treated as a countable non-specific noun, thus it is described as “<strong>a ten thousand-yen note</strong>” with “a”.<br></p>



<p>Now, if your friend says,&nbsp;</p>



<p>“By the way, I was so lucky that I picked up <strong>a ten thousand-yen note</strong>!”<br></p>



<p>At the point where your friend start talking to you, he/she knows the fact that you don’t know which ten thousand-yen note he/she is going to talk about, therefore your friend regards “ten thousand-yen note” as <strong>non-specified noun</strong> to you, and describe it with “a”<br></p>



<p>And then, once you have finished listening to what your friend was saying, you have recognised it as “the ten thousand-yen note which your friend picked up yesterday”.<br></p>



<p>So, here, you go like&#8230;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Wow, seriously? And what did you do with <strong>the ten thousand-yen note</strong>?”<br></p>



<p>You specify “ten thousand-yen note” by using definite article “the”.<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">＊&nbsp;pronunciation&nbsp;＊</span></strong></h4>



<p><br>Finally, it’s about the pronunciation of “the”.</p>



<p>Some of you might be using indefinite articles “a” and “an” in a proper way, however, I assume that there are a good number of people who have forgotten about the pronunciation of this “the”&#8230;?<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Generally, “the” is pronounced as&nbsp;[<strong>ðə</strong>]&nbsp;,&nbsp;but when it is followed by the word beginning with a vowel sound, it is pronounced as&nbsp;[<strong>ði</strong>].&nbsp;(They are often described as [za] and [ji] in Katakana, however actual pronunciations for these are different as you can see.)</h5>



<div style="height:3px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/self.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>“The end” which we often hear is a typical example, isn’t it?</p>
</div></div>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10"><strong>“a” and “an”</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5748" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo-1-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Ben Abo</figcaption></figure></div>



<p><br>Right. We are going to work on “a / an “.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are called “<strong>the indefinite article</strong>” and are used before the singular form of countable nouns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc11"><strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">When are they used?<span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></strong></span></h3>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>It is used when you talk about something (noun) that has not been mentioned before.&nbsp;</strong></h5>



<p><br><br>It is basically the same thing as what is explained in&nbsp;⑧&nbsp;of previous section, but anyway&#8230;&nbsp;<br></p>



<p>Let’s say that your friend/colleague tells you like…</p>



<p>“Umm&#8230; today, there was&nbsp;<strong>a lady</strong>&nbsp;who was wearing a yellow hat in front of the station, and she was acting strangely somehow.“<br></p>



<p>Your friend/colleague is talking about this to you for the first time, so at this point, this “lady” is one of the many in the world to you, therefore it is dealt as “non-specific”. The indefinite article “a” is used.</p>



<p>And then, once you have finished listening to your friend/colleague, you now can specify the lady as “the woman whom your friend/colleague is talking about”, therefore you go like&#8230;<br><br><br> “OK, and what happened to <strong>the lady</strong> next?”</p>



<p>You use “the” to talk about this lady.<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc12"><strong>countable noun / uncountable noun</strong></span></h3>



<p>“a / an” is used before countable nouns and you can use it for most of the things which you think you can count by using numbers.</p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a person,&nbsp;&nbsp;a girl,&nbsp;&nbsp;a dog,&nbsp;&nbsp;a pen,&nbsp;&nbsp;a book,&nbsp;&nbsp;a table,&nbsp;&nbsp;a pair of scissors, a star, a banana, a key,&nbsp;&nbsp;a hair,&nbsp;&nbsp;a class,&nbsp;&nbsp;a family,&nbsp;&nbsp;a house, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>On the contrary, things like “liquid” and “powder” or abstract ideas such as “health” and “patience” are categorised as uncountable noun. (Essentially, they don’t have a plural form)</p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>water,&nbsp;&nbsp;oil,&nbsp;&nbsp;jam,&nbsp;&nbsp;salt,&nbsp;&nbsp;gold,&nbsp;&nbsp;cake,&nbsp;&nbsp;perfume,&nbsp;&nbsp;cash,&nbsp;&nbsp;cotton,&nbsp;&nbsp;butter,&nbsp;&nbsp;danger,&nbsp;&nbsp;happiness,&nbsp;&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;&nbsp;time,&nbsp;&nbsp;tennis,&nbsp;&nbsp;confidence, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><strong>*However, when they are kept in some kind of containers or are cut into some pieces, they can be treated as countable.</strong><br></p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a glass of water,&nbsp; &nbsp;a jar of jam/honey,&nbsp;&nbsp; a bottle of perfume,&nbsp; &nbsp;a slice of toast,&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;a piece of cake,&nbsp; &nbsp;a cup of tea,&nbsp; &nbsp;a pinch of salt, etc.</strong>&nbsp;</h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="330" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5750" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant-1-300x194.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Bernard Hermant</figcaption></figure></div>



<div style="height:3px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc13"><strong>When to use “an”</strong></span></h3>



<p>“an” (normally<strong>&nbsp;</strong>pronounced as<strong>&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;[ən]&nbsp;but when emphasizd [æn]&nbsp;) is basically used&nbsp;when it is followed by the word beginning with a vowel letter (a,&nbsp;&nbsp;i,&nbsp;&nbsp;u,&nbsp;&nbsp;e,&nbsp;&nbsp;o).&nbsp;<br></p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>an apple, an egg, an apartment, an orange, an example, an umbrella, an organised plan, an empty box, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br>However, we sometimes see that “an” is used before the word that doesn’t begin with a vowel letter&#8230;</p>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>an hour,&nbsp;&nbsp; an honest man,&nbsp;&nbsp; an MBA (Master of Business Administration),&nbsp;&nbsp; an SOS signal, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>However, when you check phonetic symbols of these words&#8230;</p>



<p>hour&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;</strong>[<strong>aʊə</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honest&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>ɒnɪst</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBA&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>em biː ˈeɪ</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SOS&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>es əʊ ˈes</strong>]</p>



<p><strong><br></strong>you see all of them are beginning with a vowel letter. So, that means&#8230;<strong><br></strong></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>it is decided by the word beginning with a vowel sound, but not vowel letter!</strong></h5>



<p><br><br>This is a bit confusing, but there are also some words that <strong>begin with a vowel letter which doesn’t have a vowel sound!</strong></p>



<p><br>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>usability&nbsp;[juːzəˈbɪlɪti],&nbsp; university&nbsp;[juːnɪˈvɜːsətiː],&nbsp;&nbsp;unicorn&nbsp;[juːnɪkɔːn],&nbsp;universe&nbsp;[juːnɪˌvɜːs],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;utility&nbsp;[juːˈtɪl.ɪ.ti],&nbsp; ukulele[juː.kə.ˈleɪ.li],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uniform&nbsp;[juːnɪfɔːm],&nbsp;&nbsp; utopia&nbsp;[juˈtəʊpɪə],&nbsp;&nbsp; UFO&nbsp;[ju&nbsp;ɛf&nbsp;ˈəʊ],&nbsp;&nbsp; eureka&nbsp;[juˈɹikə],&nbsp;&nbsp; euro&nbsp;[jʊəɹəʊ],&nbsp;&nbsp; esclop&nbsp;[slɒp],&nbsp;etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>There are some more but as you can see, most of the words are beginning with the letter “u”.</p>



<p><strong>So, even though these words begin with a vowel letter, you are to put “a” but not “an”.</strong></p>



<div style="height:7px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc14"><strong>“No article”</strong> (zero article)</span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="388" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5751" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury-1-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Armed Khoury<br></figcaption></figure></div>



<p>No article is used before uncountable nouns such as&nbsp;“water”, “oil”, and so on or abstract ones such as “religion”, “education”, etc. as long as we are referring to things in general.&nbsp;</p>



<p>And also, articles are not applied to plural form of countable nouns such as “books” and “apples”. Instead of articles, a word that shows a quantity of uncountable noun such as “a few”, “many”, “some”, “several”, etc. is used.<br></p>



<p>Other than what is mentioned above, there are some patterns we can follow to see when to use “no article”.<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>I personally believe that covering this area will reduce the time of confusion with articles.</strong></h5>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc15">① <strong>When we are referring to things in general</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Smoking is bad for you.&nbsp;&nbsp; People are strange.&nbsp;&nbsp; Sushi is Japanese food.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc16">② <strong>The names of countries, states, cities, and streets</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Jamaica, Romania, Manchester, California, Camden Town, Tokyo, Downs road, Regent street, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc17">③ <strong>The names of ports or games</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>volleyball, skiing, table tennis, monopoly, chess, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc18">④ <strong>The names of meals</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc19"><strong>⑤&nbsp;The names of lakes, individual mountains, islands, and continents</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Lake Tanganyika, Caspian Sea, Mt Fuji, Asia, Africa, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc20">⑥ <strong>Academic subjects</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Physics, Science, Law, Mathematics, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc21">⑦ <strong>The names of Language</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Chinese, English, Russian, Swahili, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc22">⑧ <strong>The names of seasons, months, days, holidays, and time</strong></span></h3>



<p>Examples are&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Summer, February, Thursday, St. Andrew&#8217;s day, 6 o’clock, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><br>Finally, we sometimes bump into those people who can speak fluently with seemingly perfect pronunciation. However, according to native speakers, they can easily see whether the person is native or not by how the person uses “articles”.<br></p>



<p><strong>It might take some time to be able to apply all these rules of “articles” to your English-speaking practice, but let’s keep it up!</strong><br></p>



<p>konkaz<br><br>👉 * <a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/eigo-jiru-016/">Japanese version of this blog post</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>いまいましい冠詞をやっつけろ!!!《英語汁 第16号》</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/eigo-jiru-016/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Jan 2022 16:00:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[英語汁 / Eigo-jiru]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[冠詞 / article]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=5424</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[目次 /   1. まずは “the” を攻略する！  2. “a” と “an”  3. 無冠詞]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><br><br>どうも　コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;です&nbsp;。</p>



<p><strong>ハァ〜　冠詞&#8230; </strong><br><br>冠詞って聞くだけで、タメ息が出る&#8230;</p>



<p>英語って覚えること他にもたくさんあるから、どうもこういうのって後回しにしてしまうというか&#8230;&nbsp;<br><br>そんでもって後回しにしたまま、いつまでたっても手を出さないから、ズ〜っとあやふやなまま&#8230;&nbsp;っていう方、結構いらっしゃるのではないでしょうか？<strong>　</strong><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/self.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>ちなみに「冠詞」ってものは日本語には存在しません。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br>というわけで、<br><br><strong>今回の記事を機に、ここでスキッとさせてしまいましょう。</strong><br><br></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-3"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-3">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">まずは <strong>“the”</strong> を攻略する！</a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">① <strong>集合体&nbsp;(Union, United, Republic系)</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">② <strong>唯一無二の存在</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">③ <strong>水域&nbsp;(a body of water)</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">④<strong>&nbsp;砂漠、 森、山脈</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">⑤<strong>「〜家 」</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0">⑥ 楽器の名前</a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">⑦ 公共サービスシステム</a></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0"><strong>⑧ 会話に一度登場したもの</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0"><strong>“</strong><strong>a”&nbsp;と&nbsp;“an”</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc11" tabindex="0"><strong>どんな時に使われる？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc12" tabindex="0"><strong>可算名詞と不可算名詞</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc13" tabindex="0"><strong>“an”&nbsp;が使われる場合</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc14" tabindex="0"><strong>無冠詞</strong><strong></strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc15" tabindex="0">① 一般的&nbsp;(general)&nbsp;なことを話す時</a></li><li><a href="#toc16" tabindex="0">② 国、州、市 などの名前</a></li><li><a href="#toc17" tabindex="0">③ スポーツ や ゲーム</a></li><li><a href="#toc18" tabindex="0">④ 食事</a></li><li><a href="#toc19" tabindex="0">⑤ 湖、個々の山、島、大陸</a></li><li><a href="#toc20" tabindex="0">⑥ 教科科目&nbsp;(Academic subjects)</a></li><li><a href="#toc21" tabindex="0">⑦ 言語</a></li><li><a href="#toc22" tabindex="0">⑧ 季節、月、曜日、祭日、時間</a></li></ul></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">まずは <strong>“the”</strong> を攻略する！</span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="348" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5435" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/fakurian-design-300x205.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Fakurian-design</figcaption></figure></div>



<p>まずはコイツからいきます。</p>



<p>感覚的には、なにか有名なものにつける、というイメージがあるかもしれません。<br><br>有名だから “the” をつける、ってのはちょっと違いますが、“the”&nbsp;が定められたものにつけられる、というある種の ”パターン“ があるのは確かです。<br><br><br>だから日本では&nbsp;”the”&nbsp;は「<strong>定冠詞</strong>」と呼ばれているわけですね。<br><br>ちなみに英語では&nbsp;”<strong>the definite article</strong>”&nbsp;と呼ばれます。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">① <strong>集合体&nbsp;(Union, United, Republic系)</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>ここ5年、10年の間にグローバル化がさらに進み、いろんな国の情報が入ってくるようになりました。<br><br>どんな場合に国家や組織などの前に&nbsp;“the”&nbsp;がつくのかっていうのを、覚えておいて損はないと思います。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>基本、国名を言うときは “the”&nbsp;はつけません。</strong></h4>



<p><br>&#8230;が、複数の国 (<strong>countries</strong>) や、州 (<strong>states</strong>) などの集合体になっていて、王様がいてる君主国 (<strong>monarchy</strong> / たいてい &#8220;<strong>Kingdom</strong>&#8220;って言葉が入っている) 場合や、大統領や総理大臣が取り仕切っている (共和国・<strong>republic</strong>) 場合は、”the” をつけます。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例）<strong>the&nbsp;United Kingdom,  the United States of America,  the&nbsp;Republic of Ireland,  Republic of the Congo,  the Republic of Indonesia,  the United Arab Emirates,&nbsp; それと、ちょっと古くなりますが&#8230;  the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,  the Ottoman Empire,  the Byzantine Empire, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><br>ところで、オランダ（The Netherlands）や、ガンビア (The Gambia) なんかをみると、ただの国名なのに”the”  がついてたりして、アレっ？と思うかもしれません。<br><br><br>そこで公式名をチェックしてみると、the Kingdom of the Netherlandsや、the Republic of Gambia, てな感じで、実は王国だったり共和国だったりします。<br><br><br>(う〜む、紛らわしい！&#8230;っていうか、正直な話いろいろ調べてみると、普段 &#8220;the&#8221; をつけずに呼ばれている国も、実は正式名に &#8220;Republic&#8221; って名前が入ってたりするってのが他にもあるんですよね。イタリアやったり、フランスやったり&#8230;) <br><br><br>とりあえずは、この辺で線を引いておいて、あとは大多数の呼び方にフォローするってことで&#8230;<br><br><br><br><strong>複数の名前の島が集まって、まとめて ”〜諸島” とカテゴライズされている場合も “the” がつきます。</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;the Solomon Islands,  the Bahamas,  the Galapagos Islands, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>あとは国なんかなんかが集まって組織 (organization) を形作っている場合なんかも、その名前のに ”the” がつきます。<br> </p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),  the European Union, the Commonwealth,  the Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC), etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>結合してるってことで、”United”&nbsp;とか&nbsp;“Union”,&nbsp;&nbsp;って言葉が入っている場合は、“the” がくると思っていただいてオッケーです。</p>



<p><br>ただしこういう名前は、ネットなんかでみると、「通称」で書かれていたりするので、たまに “the” がついていなかったりしますが、正式には全部 “the” がつくものだ、と覚えておいてください。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">② <strong>唯一無二の存在</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>この世にたった一つしかなくて、他に代わりがないものを表す名詞の前には “the” がつきます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>the sun,  the moon,  the sky,  the earth,  the North,  the West,  the North Pole,  the Antarctic,  the world,  the air,  the morning,  the evening,  the King,  the Pope,</strong>  <strong>the president of 〜,  the Prime Minister, the CEO,  the best&nbsp;〜,  the most&nbsp;〜, etc.</strong> </h4>



<p><br><br><br><strong><span style="color:#0095d9" class="tadv-color">＊ ワンポイント ＊</span></strong><br><br><br><strong>「惑星」をいうときは、ちょっと注意が必要です</strong>。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">地球&nbsp;(earth)&nbsp;と 月&nbsp;(moon)&nbsp;は普通名詞なので、”the”&nbsp;をつけますが、他の惑星、火星&nbsp;(<strong>Mars</strong>)、水星&nbsp;(<strong>Mercury</strong>)、金星&nbsp;(<strong>Venus</strong>)&nbsp;などは、<strong>固有名詞の扱い</strong>となるので、人のなまえの前に定冠詞をつけないのと同様で、”the”&nbsp;はつきません。</h5>



<p><br><br>「方角」に関しては、純粋に「方角」を言う場合&#8230; 例えば「南」は「北」より暑いなど (頭文字はこの場合大文字となります)には &#8220;the&#8221; をつけます。そして、その「方角へ」という感じで、前置詞の後に続く場合 (”to the east”&nbsp;や、”towards the south” )にも、”the”&nbsp;をつけます。。<br></p>



<p><br>王様や女王様の場合は、そのまま名詞として使う場合は、“the King” や “the Queen” と “the” をつけます。<br><br>しかしながら、名前が後に来る場合は ”Sir.” や “Lady”、 “Mr.” などと同じで、タイトル扱いになるので、”King George” や ”Queen Elizabeth” というように、”the” はつけません。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="336" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt-.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5438" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt-.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/hunter-harritt--300x198.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Hunter Harritt</figcaption></figure></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">③ <strong>水域&nbsp;(a body of water)</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>水が「川」「湾」「運河」「運河」「海」などの形で名前がつけられている場合は、”the”&nbsp;をつけます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>the River Thames,  the Straits of Dover,  the Pacific Ocean,  the Mediterranean Sea,  the Suez Canal,  the River Nile,  the Gulf of Mexico, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">④<strong>&nbsp;砂漠、 森、山脈</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>特定の名前を持つこれらの前にも&nbsp;“the”&nbsp;がつけられますが、注意しなくてはいけないのは&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">山脈（a group of mountains）に&nbsp;”the”&nbsp;はつける事ができますが、例えば「富士山」や「キリマンジャロ」のような ”一つの山” には&nbsp;”the”&nbsp;は、つけられない</h5>



<p><br>ということです。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)<strong>&nbsp;</strong>&nbsp;<strong>the Gobi, the Sahara,  the Amazon Rainforest,  the black forest,  the Rocky Mountains,  the Andes, etc.</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">⑤<strong>「〜家 」</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>徳川家、藤原家、ハプスブルク家など、家族のメンバーを集合体で呼ぶ時、苗字の前に&nbsp;”the”&nbsp;をつけます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Tokugawas,  The Bishops,  The Andersons,  The Rothchilds, etc.&nbsp;</strong></h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7">⑥ 楽器の名前</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)  the piano, the flute, the guitar, the trombone, etc</h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">⑦ 公共サービスシステム</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)  I was <strong>on the train </strong>when you called me.  You can get all these informations on <strong>the internet</strong>.　The song was played on <strong>the radio</strong>.  I&#8217;m on <strong>the bus</strong>.  <strong>The police</strong> are investigating the cause of the accident.  <strong>The wi-fi</strong> is available, here, etc.</h4>



<div style="height:1px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9"><strong>⑧ 会話に一度登場したもの</strong></span></h3>



<p><br>はい、これが日本語でしばしば「その」と訳される場合ですね。</p>



<p>”the&#8221; は、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>その名詞が、一度話題にあがったなどして、話し手/聞き手、または書き手/読み手が、その名詞をすでに認識している場合</strong></h5>



<p><br>に使われます。</p>



<p><br>簡単な例をあげて説明しますと&#8230;</p>



<p>例えば、ただ漠然と「1万円札」と言われても、日本の中で「一万円札」なんてなんてそこらじゅうに存在するんで、どの「一万円札」か特定できませんよね。</p>



<p>この時点では「一万円札」は数えられる不特定な名詞として取り扱うので、“a”　をつけて、”<strong>a ten thousand-yen note</strong>”&nbsp;ということになります。<br></p>



<p><br>例えば友達が、</p>



<p>「そういやぁ、昨日オレ、ラッキーなことに一万円札ひろってさぁ&#8230;。」</p>



<p>“By the way, I was so lucky that I picked up <strong>a ten thousand-yen note</strong> yesterday!”&nbsp;</p>



<p>なんて話を切り出す時は、この時点で、まだ相手がどの一万円札について話しているのか知らないので、友達は「一万円札」をあなたにとって<strong>不特定な名詞</strong>として取り扱って、&#8221;a&#8221; を使って表現します。</p>



<p>次に、話を聞き終えた時点であなたは、それを「昨日友達が拾った一万円札」として認識しています。</p>



<p>となると、あなたは、</p>



<p>「うわっ、マジで？ それでその一万円札でどないしてん？」</p>



<p>“Wow, seriously? And what did you do with <strong>the ten thousand-yen note</strong>?”</p>



<p>となって、ここであなたは ”the” をつけてその「一万円札」を特定して話すわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>＊ 発音について ＊</strong></h4>



<p><br>はい、最後はこの &#8220;the&#8221; の発音に関してです。<br><br><br>のちに説明する &#8220;a&#8221; と &#8220;an&#8221; については、ちゃんと意識して使い分けができてている方々も結構いらっしゃると思うのですが、この &#8220;the&#8221; に関しては、記憶から抜け落ちてしまっている方もいるのではないでしょうか？<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">基本、&#8221;<strong>the</strong>&#8221; は、[<strong>ðə</strong>] 「<strong>ザ</strong>」 と発音されるわけですが、母音&nbsp;(a,&nbsp;&nbsp;i,&nbsp;&nbsp;u,&nbsp;&nbsp;e,&nbsp;&nbsp;o)&nbsp;からはじまる単語の前では、[<strong>ði</strong>]<strong> </strong>「<strong>ジ</strong>」 と発音されます。(ただし、正確な発音は、カタカナの「ザ」、「ジ」とも異なります。)</h5>



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<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-sn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/self.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>ということで、よく耳にする「<strong>ジ・エンド</strong>」”<strong>the end</strong>&#8221; なんかは典型的な例となりますね。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10"><strong>“</strong><strong>a”&nbsp;と&nbsp;“an”</strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5434" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ben-abo-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Ben Abo</figcaption></figure></div>



<p><br>はい、次は “a / an”。「<strong>不定冠詞</strong>」と呼ばれるやつですね。</p>



<p>英語では&nbsp;”<strong>the indefinite article</strong>”&nbsp;と呼ばれ、数えられる名詞の単数形の前につけられます。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc11"><strong>どんな時に使われる？</strong></span></h3>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>定義としては、例えば、もの「名詞」を初めて話題にあげるとき。</strong><strong></strong></h5>



<p><br><br>例えば、</p>



<p>「そういえば今日、駅のまえで黄色い帽子をかぶった女の人が立っていたんだけど、なんか様子がおかしかったんよ。」</p>



<p>“Umm&#8230; today, there was <strong>a lady</strong> who was wearing a yellow hat in front of the station, and she was acting strangely somehow.“</p>



<p>と、まぁこんな感じで、要するにさっきの “the”&nbsp;のセクションのところの⑧で説明した、まずはじめに人が不特定な何かを話す状況と同じですね。</p>



<p>そんでもって次に話す人は、今この時点で「話の中に出てきたその女の人」と特定できるので、</p>



<p>「へぇ〜、そんでその女の人つぎにどうなったん？」</p>



<p>“OK, and what happened to <strong>the lady</strong> next?”</p>



<p>ってな感じで、一度認識したので&nbsp;“the”&nbsp;をつけるわけです。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc12"><strong>可算名詞と不可算名詞</strong></span></h3>



<p>“a / an”&nbsp;をつけるのは数えられる名詞&nbsp;(可算名詞)&nbsp;の前ってことで、基本的にあなたが頭の中で数えられると思うものの前には、全てつけることができます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>a person,&nbsp;&nbsp;a girl,&nbsp;&nbsp;a dog,&nbsp;&nbsp;a pen,&nbsp;&nbsp;a book,&nbsp;&nbsp;a table,&nbsp;&nbsp;a pair of scissors,  a star, a banana,  a key,&nbsp;&nbsp;a hair,&nbsp;&nbsp;a class,&nbsp;&nbsp;a family,&nbsp;&nbsp;a house, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>逆に数えられない名詞&nbsp;(不可算名詞)&nbsp;は、「液体」とか「粉」のような物質、そして主に抽象的なもの、「健康」や「忍耐」などがカテゴライズされます。(基本的に、不可算名詞には複数形は存在しません。）</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>water,&nbsp;&nbsp;oil,&nbsp;&nbsp;jam,&nbsp;&nbsp;salt,&nbsp;&nbsp;gold,&nbsp;&nbsp;cake,&nbsp;&nbsp;perfume,&nbsp;&nbsp;cash,&nbsp;&nbsp;cotton,&nbsp;&nbsp;butter,&nbsp;&nbsp;danger,&nbsp;&nbsp;happiness,&nbsp;&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;&nbsp;time,&nbsp;&nbsp;tennis,&nbsp;&nbsp;confidence, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><strong>*ただし、数えられない名詞も、何かの入れ物に入っていたり、カットされていたりしたら、可算名詞にすることができます。</strong><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>a glass of water,&nbsp; &nbsp;a jar of jam/honey,&nbsp;&nbsp; a bottle of perfume,&nbsp; &nbsp;a slice of toast,&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;a piece of cake,&nbsp; &nbsp;a cup of tea,&nbsp; &nbsp;a pinch of salt, etc.</strong>&nbsp;</h4>



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<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="330" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5437" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bernard-hermant-300x194.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Bernard Hermant</figcaption></figure></div>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc13"><strong>“an”&nbsp;が使われる場合</strong></span></h3>



<p>“an” (普段は&nbsp;[ən]&nbsp;、強調するときは&nbsp;[æn]&nbsp;と発音されます)&nbsp;が使われる時は、下に記した例のように、基本的には、次に続く名詞&nbsp;(または名詞の前にくる形容詞)&nbsp;のアタマの文字が、母音&nbsp;(vowel) =&nbsp;&nbsp;a,&nbsp;&nbsp;i,&nbsp;&nbsp;u,&nbsp;&nbsp;e,&nbsp;&nbsp;o&nbsp;&nbsp;から始まっている場合。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;an apple, an egg, an apartment, an orange, an example, an umbrella, an organised plan, an empty box, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>しかしながら、母音&nbsp;(a,&nbsp;&nbsp;i,&nbsp;&nbsp;u,&nbsp;&nbsp;e,&nbsp;&nbsp;o)&nbsp;から始まっていないのに、”an”&nbsp;をつける場合も、時折見かけます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例) <strong>an hour,&nbsp;&nbsp; an honest man,&nbsp;&nbsp; an MBA (Master of Business Administration),&nbsp;&nbsp; an SOS signal, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>これらの名詞や形容詞の発音記号&nbsp;(phonetic symbol)&nbsp;をチェックしてみると&#8230;</p>



<p>hour&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;</strong>[<strong>aʊə</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honest&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>ɒnɪst</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBA&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>em biː ˈeɪ</strong>],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SOS&nbsp;&nbsp;[<strong>es əʊ ˈes</strong>]</p>



<p>すべて母音からはじまっていることがわかります。<br></p>



<p>つまり、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>次にくる名詞のアタマのスペリングではなくて、発音によって決められる</strong></h5>



<p><br>ってことなんですね。</p>



<p><br>ややこしいんですが、これとは逆に<strong>母音のスペリングではじまる名詞で、発音はじつは母音ではない!</strong>、って名詞もあります。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;usability&nbsp;[juːzəˈbɪlɪti],&nbsp;  university&nbsp;[juːnɪˈvɜːsətiː],   <strong>unicorn&nbsp;[juːnɪkɔːn],</strong>  universe&nbsp;[juːnɪˌvɜːs],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;utility&nbsp;[juːˈtɪl.ɪ.ti],&nbsp;  ukulele[juː.kə.ˈleɪ.li],&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uniform&nbsp;[juːnɪfɔːm],&nbsp;&nbsp; utopia&nbsp;[juˈtəʊpɪə],&nbsp;&nbsp; UFO&nbsp;[ju&nbsp;ɛf&nbsp;ˈəʊ],&nbsp;&nbsp; eureka&nbsp;[juˈɹikə],&nbsp;&nbsp; euro&nbsp;[jʊəɹəʊ],&nbsp;&nbsp; esclop&nbsp;[slɒp],&nbsp;etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>まだまだいくつかありますが、たいていの場合は&nbsp;“u”&nbsp;からはじまります。<br><br><strong>これらの前にはたとえスペリングが母音で始まっていても&nbsp;”an”&nbsp;ではなく、“a”&nbsp;をつけます。</strong><br></p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc14"><strong>無冠詞</strong><strong></strong></span></h2>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="388" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-5436" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/armand-khoury-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption>image by Armed Khoury</figcaption></figure></div>



<p><br>前にも触れましたが、”water”&nbsp;や&nbsp;“oil”&nbsp;などの数えられない名詞や&nbsp;“religion”, “education”&nbsp;などの抽象名詞の前には、それらを特定して話す時以外には、冠詞はつきません。<br><br>そしての数えられる名詞の複数形&nbsp;“books”&nbsp;や&nbsp;“apples”&nbsp;などの前にも、冠詞はつきません。<br>可算名詞の複数形の前には、”a few”, “many”, “some”, “several”&nbsp;など、その名詞の量を表す単語が、冠詞にかわって置かれます。<br><br></p>



<p>他にも以下に記すように、冠詞をつけない例がいくつかありますが&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>個人的にはここをしっかり押さえておくと、かなり混乱することが減るのではないかと思います。</strong></h5>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc15">① 一般的&nbsp;(general)&nbsp;なことを話す時</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>Smoking is bad for you.&nbsp;&nbsp;    People are strange.&nbsp;&nbsp;   Sushi is Japanese food.</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc16">② 国、州、市 などの名前</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>Jamaica,  Romania,  Manchester,  California,  Camden Town,  Tokyo,   Downs road,  Regent street, etc.</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc17">③ スポーツ や ゲーム</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>volleyball,   skiing,   table tennis,   monopoly,   chess, etc.</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc18">④ 食事</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>breakfast,   lunch,   dinner,   supper</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc19">⑤ 湖、個々の山、島、大陸</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>Lake Tanganyika,   Caspian Sea,   Mt Fuji,   Asia,   Africa, etc.</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc20">⑥ 教科科目&nbsp;(Academic subjects)</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_start" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px">(例)　<strong>Physics,   Science,   Law,   Mathematics, etc.</strong><span data-mce-type="bookmark" id="mce_1_end" data-mce-style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px" style="overflow:hidden;line-height:0px"></span></span></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc21">⑦ 言語</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>Chinese,   English,   Russian,   Swahili, etc.</strong></h4>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc22">⑧ 季節、月、曜日、祭日、時間</span></h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">(例)　<strong>Summer, February, Thursday, St. Andrew&#8217;s day, 6 o’clock, etc.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br><br>というわけで、押さえておく冠詞のルールはこんな感じですかね。<br><br></p>



<p>完璧に聞こえる発音で、英語をペラペラ話せる人でも、ネイティブの人たちからすれば、この「冠詞」の使い方で、ネイティヴ生まれかどうかわかってしまうそうです。<br></p>



<p><strong>使い慣れるのにある程度の時間を要すると思いますが、ガンバって少しずつ攻略していきましょう。</strong><br><br><br></p>



<p>それではまた、<br><br><br>コンカズ<br><br>*この記事の英語バージョンは 👉&nbsp;<a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/eigo-jiru-016-english/">こちらから</a></p>
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