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	<title>UK political system | ”独り言英語のススメ”  BY コンカズ</title>
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	<description>グローバル化による個人の時代の到来... 英会話を日常生活の習慣として少しずつでも取り入れていこう！</description>
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		<title>【UK Political System】explained!!!</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/british-political-system-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jun 2021 21:14:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[life in the UK]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK political system]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=1871</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In July 2024, the general election in Britain came to a successful end with the Labour Party securing victory. This article gives a somewhat general but easily understandable overview of the UK's national structure and political system.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><br><br>Hi. It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) here.<br><br><br>Congratulations on the birth of the new government!!!<br><br><br><br><strong>Well… turns out it became a dictatorship before even a year had passed.</strong></p>



<p><strong>These days, the government has little to do with most people’s lives.</strong><br><br><strong>So yeah — no point reading any further. Total waste of time.</strong></p>



<p><strong>The end!</strong><br><br><br></p>



<p>The general election has successfully ended, with the Labour Party winning as predicted.</p>



<p>The Conservative Party has persistently violated the law to serve their interests, teaming up with far-right media and think tanks.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Needless to say, the Labour Party faces an incredibly tough five years ahead as they attempt to rebuild a country that has been torn apart over the past 14 years.</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>People must re-examine the past 14 years of events in this country through impartial sources, rather than media edited by far-right individuals. Many newspapers, and regrettably even the BBC to some extent, have been influenced.<br><br><br>Therefore, it is essential for you to collect some fundamental information about the country or your local area, actively.<br></p>



<p> <strong>It’s essential for people to have a clear perspective and realize that, considering the severe damage, it’s understandable that the new government might not be able to meet all promises immediately.</strong> <strong>We must adopt a long-term view and be patient with the new government.</strong><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>Incidentally, it’s great news that the Green Party has secured four seats.</p>
</div></div>



<p><br>Anyway, in this article, I’ve tried to give a clear and concise explanation of the <strong>UK’s national and political structure</strong>.<br></p>



<p></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-1"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-1">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"></li><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>British monarch system</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">What is Constitutional monarchy ?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Who holds the power in the country?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">The Structure of the UK Government</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0"><strong>UK Parliament&nbsp;</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>House of Commons</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>House of Lords</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">What do these vocabularies mean?</a><ul><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">Whip</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">Peer</a></li><li><a href="#toc11" tabindex="0">Spin doctor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="british-monarch-system"><span id="toc1"><strong>British monarch system</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/monarch-queen-2-1.jpg" alt="" style="width:484px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Annie Sprats</figcaption></figure>



<p>Let&#8217;s start with the structure of the state.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-is-constitutional-monarchy"><span id="toc2">What is Constitutional monarchy ?</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/KingQueen-1.jpg" alt="" style="width:386px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Liza Pooor</figcaption></figure>



<p><br>To start with the form of government in the UK, since there is a king (currently Charles III), it is called a <strong>monarchy</strong> as opposed to a <strong>republic</strong>, like the United States, Russia, and Germany, which do not have a monarch.<br><br><br></p>



<p>When it comes to a country with a monarch, we might have an unfavorable impression like&#8230;</p>



<p>➡︎ a family heritage is handed down to their descendants<br><br>➡︎ eventually, they get spoiled and use up all the assets their ancestor once created<br><br>➡︎ in order to continue their luxurious lifestyle, hefty taxation is imposed on the nation<br><br>➡︎ the nation’s discontent increases to the max<br><br>➡︎ &#8220;<strong>Revolution!</strong>&#8220;</p>



<p>…as we learned in school.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/french-revolution-2.jpg" alt="" style="width:500px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">from wiki image</figcaption></figure>



<p><br>Following World War I, the era of empires began to fade, leading to the rise of many republics. To the younger generation, the presence of a king in the 21st century might appear old-fashioned or questionable.</p>



<p>(Oh&#8230;, I almost forgot that we, too, have an Emperor in Japan!)<br></p>



<p>…but surprisingly, this balance seems to work, and in this country, the UK, democracy is still preserved, at least for now. (Even though the disparity between the wealthy and the poor has undoubtedly widened in the past decade or so&#8230;）<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="this-is-basically-because-even-if-the-uk-has-kept-the-system-of-monarchy-the-actual-form-of-it-is-constitutional-monarchy-as-the-sentence-the-sovereign-reigns-but-does-not-rule-appears-in-its-constitution">This is because, even though the UK is a monarchy, it has adopted a form of parliamentary politics called a <strong>constitutional monarchy</strong>, where &#8216;<strong>the king reigns but does not hold power</strong>&#8216;.</h5>



<p><br><br>Incidentally, the fact that the Japanese Emperor is regarded as &#8220;the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people&#8221; (Article 1 of the Japanese Constitution) and stands outside of politics is very similar to the constitutional monarchy of the UK.</p>



<p><br>The reason for this is that after World War II, when the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, set up in Tokyo to oversee Japan, faced the issue of what to do with the Japanese Emperor system, they decided to use the UK’s constitutional monarchy as an example and preserve it.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="who-has-got-the-power-to-run-the-country"><span id="toc3">Who holds the power in the country?</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="640" height="426" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1894" style="width:584px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-1.jpg 640w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Ana Gic</figcaption></figure>



<p>Therefore, although King Charles III is still the head of state, <strong>he does not possess political power</strong>.<br><br><br>He plays a crucial role in maintaining international relations through visits to other countries and participation in ceremonial events. (The British monarch is also the head of the Commonwealth and the head of the Church of England.)<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-head-of-the-government-is-the-prime-minister-currently-boris-johnson-leader-of-conservative-party-and-all-the-political-decisions-are-made-by-the-government-in-parliament">The most powerful entity within the UK is the<strong> government</strong>, headed by the <strong>Prime Minister</strong>, who is <strong>Keir Starmer</strong> from the Labour Party at present. Political decisions are all carried out through <strong>Parliament</strong>.</h4>



<p><br><br>Although the monarch is always outside of politics, when the newly elected Prime Minister visits the King after a general election, the King might say, <br><br><br>&#8220;Welcome. I am Charles III. On my behalf, please form the government.&#8221; <br><br><br>Therefore, the government is formally referred to as &#8220;<strong>His Majesty’s Government</strong>&#8220;.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="468" height="323" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Prince-Charles.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17873" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Prince-Charles.jpg 468w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Prince-Charles-300x207.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from postcard</figcaption></figure>



<p>&nbsp;The Prime Minister and the King hold <strong>weekly meetings</strong> to talk about ongoing social issues and future challenges.&nbsp;The details of these meetings are kept &#8220;<strong>confidential</strong>&#8221; and are not released to the public.<br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-structure-of-uk-government"><span id="toc4">The Structure of the UK Government</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="624" height="362" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/downing-street-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1896" style="width:504px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/downing-street-2.jpg 624w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/downing-street-2-300x174.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Jordhan Madec</figcaption></figure>



<p>The Prime Minister lives and works at <strong>10 Downing Street</strong> and leads the government with the help of the Cabinet and ministers.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>The image of 10 Downing Street often appears on the news when the Prime Minister makes important announcements.</p>
</div></div>



<p><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">After being elected as Prime Minister, the first thing they must do is appoint the members of the <strong>Cabinet</strong>.</h5>



<p><br><br>Usually, the <strong>Cabinet is made up of 21 to 25 ministers</strong>, including the Prime Minister, chosen from the senior ranks of the government.<br><br></p>



<p>And as for the current Labour Cabinet (as of July 2024)&#8230;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><div class="scrollable-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td>The names of the ministers</td><td>Positions and responsibilities</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Sir Keir Starmer</strong></td><td><strong>Prime Minister</strong>&nbsp;<br>The head of the government, responsible for policy formulation, implementation, and representing the country in foreign relations.<br><br><strong>First Lord of the Treasury</strong>&nbsp;<br>As the head of the Treasury, manages the nation&#8217;s finances and budget.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Angela Rainer</strong></td><td><strong>Deputy Prime Minister</strong>&nbsp;<br>Supports the Prime Minister and can take over their duties when they are absent.<br><br><strong>Secretary of State for Leveling Up, Housing and Communities</strong>&nbsp;<br>Focuses on addressing regional disparities, improving housing conditions, and fostering community growth.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Rachel Reeves</strong></td><td><strong>Chancellor of the Exchequer</strong>&nbsp;<br>The finance minister of the UK, who leads the creation and application of the country&#8217;s financial and economic policies.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yvette Cooper</strong></td><td><strong>Home Secretary</strong>&nbsp;<br>The top official of the Home Office, managing national law and order, public safety, immigration, the police, and fire services.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Ed Miliband</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Energy and Net Zero</strong>&nbsp;Responsible for the nation&#8217;s energy policy and achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Mr David Lammy</strong></td><td><strong>Foreign Secretary</strong>&nbsp;<br>Manages and directs foreign relations, negotiates and concludes international agreements and treaties, and addresses international issues.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Pat McFadden</strong></td><td><strong>Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</strong>&nbsp;<br>Serves as a communication link between the Cabinet and Parliament, and participates in addressing strategic government challenges and executing policies.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Shabana Mahmood</strong></td><td><strong>Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice</strong>&nbsp;<br>Serves as a bridge between the judiciary and the executive, ensuring the independence of the judiciary while promoting the effective operation of the judicial system. Additionally, as the head of the Ministry of Justice, they oversee the formulation and implementation of policies related to the creation and administration of laws.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Wes Streeting</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Health and Social Care</strong> Responsible for policies that protect the health and welfare of the public, including the management of the NHS and social care services.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Jonathan Reynolds</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Business and Trade</strong><br>Handles the promotion of business and trade, both nationally and internationally, while contributing to the nation&#8217;s economic progress.<br><br><strong>President of the Board of Trade</strong><br>Directs trade policy and negotiations, assisting domestic businesses with their global trading activities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liz Kendall</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Work and Pensions</strong><br>Handles the administration of public pensions and welfare, and works to boost employment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>John Healey</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Defence</strong><br>Oversees national defense and military operations.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Louise Haigh</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Transport</strong><br>Responsible for the administration of all transportation and transit policies and infrastructure.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Peter Kyle</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology</strong><br>Manages all policies and projects related to science, innovation, and technology.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Hilary Benn</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</strong><br>Responsible for all policies and relations with the devolved government in Northern Ireland.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Ian Murray</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Scotland</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for all policies and relations with the devolved government in Scotland.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bridget Phillipson</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Education</strong>&nbsp;<br>Develops policies to improve the quality of the education system and provide equal educational opportunities.<br><br><strong>Minister for Women and Equalities</strong>&nbsp;<br>Creates policies to protect the rights of women and minority groups and to promote an equal society.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lisa Nandy</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</strong>&nbsp;<br>Promotes the cultural, media, and sports interests and participation of the public.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Sir Alan Campbell</strong></td><td><strong>Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Chief Whip)</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for party coordination, parliamentary management, and party organization operations.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Darren Jones</strong></td><td><strong>Chief Secretary to the Treasury</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for preparing the budget, formulating and implementing fiscal policy, and managing the day-to-day operations of the Treasury.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Baroness Smith of Basildon</strong></td><td><strong>Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for managing the legislative timetable in the House of Lords and serving as a mediator between Parliament and the government.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lucy Powell</strong></td><td><strong>Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for managing the legislative agenda in the House of Commons and facilitating the progress of policy and legislation.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Jo Stevens</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Wales</strong>&nbsp;<br>Responsible for all policies related to Wales and its relationship with the devolved government.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Steve Reed</strong></td><td><strong>Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</strong>&nbsp;<br>Oversees policies on environmental conservation, food security, agriculture, and rural communities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Anneliese Dodds</strong></td><td><strong>Minister of State (Minister of Women and Equalities)</strong>&nbsp;<br>Aims to eradicate discrimination against women and minority groups, fostering an equitable society.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p><br>As you can see, some people are handling two roles. 💦<br><br><br>Sometimes, these cabinet ministers can be moved from one department to another at the prime minister&#8217;s discretion, and if their performance is poor, they might even be dismissed.</p>



<p>This is known as a &#8220;<strong>Cabinet reshuffle</strong>&#8220;.</p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>In Japan, it&#8217;s called &#8220;<strong>Naikaku-Kaizou</strong>&#8220;, which means cabinet reorganization.</p>
</div></div>



<p><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="uk-parliament"><span id="toc5"><strong>UK Parliament&nbsp;</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="624" height="348" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1898" style="width:544px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace-1.jpg 624w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace-1-300x167.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace-1-120x68.jpg 120w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace-1-160x90.jpg 160w" sizes="(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Deniz Funchidzhiev</figcaption></figure>



<p>The <strong>UK Parliament</strong> consists of three major components&#8230;<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫ the House of Lords</strong><br><strong>⚫</strong> <strong>the House of Commons</strong><br><strong>⚫ the Monarch</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>Meetings take place in the Palace of Westminster, formally referred to as the &#8220;<strong>Houses of Parliament</strong>&#8220;, which is equivalent to Japan&#8217;s National Diet Building.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-parliament-in-the-uk-is-equivalent-to-the-diet-in-japan-denmark-sweden-hungary-and-so-on-and-also-to-the-congress-in-the-us-and-other-middle-and-south-american-countries">In countries like Japan, Sweden, and Denmark, the parliament is called the &#8220;<strong>Diet</strong>&#8220;, whereas in the United States and many Latin American republics, it is referred to as &#8220;<strong>Congress</strong>&#8220;.</h5>



<p><br><br>The parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="house-of-commons"><span id="toc6"><strong>House of Commons</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="384" height="247" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17919" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.jpg 384w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p><br>The <strong>House of Commons</strong> (<strong>Lower Chamber</strong>) consists of <strong>650 MPs</strong>, each elected by the citizens.<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="there-are-650-constituencies-in-the-uk-and-when-we-have-a-general-election-every-5-years-people-who-have-registered-for-voting-can-choose-and-vote-for-a-candidate-from-their-local-constituency"><strong>Britain is made up of 650 constituencies,&nbsp;and a General Election for the House of Commons is held every five years</strong> (<strong>or after the dissolution of Parliament</strong>).</h5>



<p><br><br>Citizens who are registered to vote have the right to choose a candidate running for MP in their constituency whom they think best represents their views.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bubble-0001.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>Most candidates running for MP belong to a political party, though there are exceptions.</p>
</div></div>



<p><br><br>Here are some of the well-known political parties&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹<strong>Labour Party</strong><br>One of the UK&#8217;s main political parties, promoting workers&#8217; rights and the expansion of social welfare.&nbsp;Fundamentally left-wing, but has shifted more to the center since the Tony Blair administration, leading to internal policy disputes.<br><br>🔹<strong>Conservative Party</strong> (<strong>Tory</strong>)<br>Another major political party in the UK, advocating for a free-market economy and the preservation of traditional values. In recent years, its policies, including Brexit, have favoured wealthy business magnates, leading to a significant decline in public trust.<br><br>🔹<strong>Liberal Democrats</strong><br>Moderately left-wing. Prioritizes liberal values and social justice, placing importance on environmental concerns and the protection of human rights. Successfully secured a considerable number of seats in the last election.<br><br>🔹<strong>Green Party</strong><br>Focused on environmental protection and creating a sustainable society, this party advocates for climate change action and renewable energy. (I personally wish it could become one of the two major parties!)<br><br>🔹<strong>Scottish National Party</strong> (<strong>SNP</strong>)<br>A left-wing party aiming for Scottish independence,&nbsp;promoting the expansion of Scotland&#8217;s autonomy and the enhancement of social welfare.<br><br>🔹<strong>Reform UK</strong><br>Originally established as the Brexit Party and renamed Reform UK in 2020, this far-right party is also connected internationally with neo-Nazi and other extreme right-wing groups.</h4>



<p><br><br>As a result of the election, the party that secures the most seats out of the 650 available (currently the Labour Party) becomes the winner and <strong>ruling party</strong>, forming <strong>the government</strong>, with the leader of that party becoming the Prime Minister.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="373" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17920" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer-300x219.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Gov.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p>The party with the second highest number of seats is referred to as the<strong> Opposition</strong> (<strong>currently the</strong> <strong>Conservative Party</strong>). They set up a <strong>Shadow Cabinet</strong> to criticize and question the actions of the ruling government, offering an alternative perspective and holding them to account.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="house-of-lords"><span id="toc7"><strong>House of Lords</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="369" height="245" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17921" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords.jpg 369w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p>The UK Parliament has another chamber called the &#8220;<strong>House of Lords</strong>,&#8221; also known as the Upper House.</p>



<p>The House of Lords is made up of about 800 members, appointed by the monarch following the Prime Minister&#8217;s advice, each from different statuses and walks of life.</p>



<p>Members are individuals who have achieved success in various fields such as business, law, science, education, culture, sports, and public service. They use their extensive knowledge and experience to examine issues affecting the entire British population.<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-role-of-the-house-of-lords-is-to-scrutinises-bills-that-have-been-approved-by-the-house-of-commons">The role of the <strong>House of Lords</strong> (the upper house) is to act as a check on the <strong>House of Commons</strong> (the lower house), which drives the country through party politics. If the Commons goes off course, the Lords can stop it, and if it stumbles, they offer support.</h5>



<p><br><br>Any decision made by one house must be approved by the other house.<br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">What do these vocabularies mean?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7045" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis-1.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Andrea De Santis</figcaption></figure>



<p>Here, I will break down some of the less familiar political terms that you might hear in the news and think, &#8220;What&#8217;s this?&#8221;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">Whip</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17924" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jocelyn Morales</figcaption></figure>



<p>A Whip is an official within a political party responsible for maintaining order, discipline, and effective communication within the party. Each party has Whips in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.<br><br></p>



<p>Their main duties include&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫</strong>ensure that party members vote according to party policy rather than personal beliefs, maintaining party discipline during decisions made by vote<br><br><strong>⚫</strong>communicate the party&#8217;s stance to members, report any concerns or objections from members to the leadership<br><br><strong>⚫</strong>ensure members attend important votes<br><br><strong>⚫</strong>negotiate or mediate to prevent internal party divisions.</h4>



<p><br>The highest-ranking whip within the party is called the Chief Whip. They coordinate the work of the other whips while maintaining communication with the party leader.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">Peer</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="299" height="169" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17925" style="width:321px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers.jpg 299w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers-240x135.jpg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p>A <strong>peer</strong> is a member of a particular noble class, <strong>especially one who serves as a legislator in the House of Lords</strong>. <br><br>(While &#8220;aristocrat&#8221; also denotes nobility, it has a wider meaning and does not always imply a specific political function.)<br><br></p>



<p>The &#8220;<strong>Peerage</strong>&#8221; in Britain encompasses five levels of nobility. <br><br><br>These are listed in rank order as follows&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫Duke</strong>&nbsp;<br>Dukes historically held the greatest amounts of land and power, ranking just below the King. Ex. the Duke of Cambridge &amp; the Duke of Sussex.<br><br><strong>⚫Marquess</strong>&nbsp;<br>Marquesses were originally responsible for the defense and administration of border regions, owning large estates just below Dukes. <br>Ex. the Marquess of Salisbury.<br><br><strong>⚫Earl</strong>&nbsp;<br>Earls were local rulers with considerable land and influence. <br>Ex. the Earl of Derby.<br><br><strong>⚫Viscount</strong>&nbsp;<br>Originally an assistant to an Earl, the Viscount title eventually became a noble rank in its own right. <br>Ex. the Viscount St. Albans.<br><br><strong>⚫Baron</strong>&nbsp;<br>Barons swore allegiance to the King, managing territories and providing military support. <br>Ex. the Baron Addington.</h4>



<p><br>Generally, these ranks are passed down through family heritage over the generations.<br></p>



<p><br>&#8220;<strong>Life Peerage</strong>&#8221; refers to a noble title granted for an individual&#8217;s lifetime only. <br><br><br>It is awarded to those who have made exceptional contributions in various fields such as politics, economics, science, or the arts, or who have provided long-term public service. This title is not transferable to descendants and remains with the person until their death.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc11">Spin doctor</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="444" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17926" style="width:255px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell-268x300.jpg 268w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p>A &#8220;<strong>spin doctor</strong>&#8221; is a strategist who works behind the scenes to ensure the success of politicians or political parties. <br><br>A notable example is <strong>Alastair Campbell</strong>, known for his role as the press advisor to former Prime Minister Tony Blair.<br><br></p>



<p>The specific roles of a spin doctor include&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫</strong> Developing strategies to plan messages and stories conveyed through the media.<br><br><strong>⚫</strong> Building and maintaining good relationships with media professionals to control news coverage.<br><br><strong>⚫</strong> Advising politicians and parties on how to present a positive image to the public.<br><br><strong>⚫</strong> Guiding public opinion favorably by emphasizing certain messages.<br><br><strong>⚫</strong> Responding swiftly to any scandals that arise.</h4>



<p><br><br>So, that concludes this article. Thank you for reading it to the end.<br><br>Hopefully the information here was useful for you&#8230;<br><br></p>



<p>konkaz</p>



<p>*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/british-political-system/">【イギリスの政治制度】をわかりやすく解説</a></p>



<p>*Maybe you are interested in reading&#8230; <br>👉 <a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/england-education-system-english/">【British Education System】explained!!!</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>【イギリスの政治制度】をわかりやすく解説</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/british-political-system/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jun 2021 13:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[life in the UK]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK political system]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=1821</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[2024年7月、イギリスでは国民総選挙が無事に終わり、労働党が勝利を収めました。この記事では「イギリス国家の仕組み/政治制度」をかなり大ざっぱではありますが、わかりやすく説明しています。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><br><br>どうも、コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br><br><br>祝! 新政府の誕生!!!<br><br><br><strong>&#8230; のはずでしたが、残念ながら、1年が過ぎる前に労働党は独裁政府になってしまいました。</strong><br><br><strong>今や政府の存在自体が、大半の国民とは関係ありません。</strong><br><br><strong><br>というわけで、以下の文章を読むのは時間の無駄です。</strong><br><br><br><strong>以上！</strong><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>国民総選挙が無事に終わり、予想されていた通り労働党が勝利を収めました。<br><br><br>極右なメディアとシンクタンクとスクラムを組んで、自らの利益のために犯罪行為を繰り返してきた、法律破りの保守党。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>14年間かけてズタズタにされた国を再建しようと試みる労働党には、言うまでもなく相当タフな5年間が待ち受けています。</strong></h4>



<p><br><br>国民は、過去14年の間で、この国で何が起こってきたのかを、極右翼の人間が編集を務めるメディアからではなく (数多くのニュースペーパーに加え、残念ながらBBCも幾分操られてしまっているようですが）、公平な視点を持った情報源から、もう一度しっかりと学んで理解し、<br><br><br>「<strong>ここまで毒が回ってボロボロな状態からでは、たとえすぐに約束を守れなくても、まぁ、当たり前やろな。</strong>」<br><br><br>ぐらいのスタンスで、新しい政府を長い目で見ていくことが大事だと思います。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>あと、グリーンパーティーが４席勝ち取ったのは、嬉しいニュースですね。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br>というわけで今回は、「<strong>イギリスの国家の仕組み</strong>/<strong>政治制度</strong>」をかなり大ざっぱではありますが、わかりやすくまとめてみました。</p>



<p></p>



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<p></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-2"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-2">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"></li><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>イギリスの君主制度</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">立憲君主制とは?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">国の権力を握っているのは?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>イギリス政府の仕組み</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0"><strong>イギリスの議会の仕組み</strong></a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">House of Commons /&nbsp;下院議院</span></strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">（</span><strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">庶民院）</span></strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>House of Lords&nbsp;/&nbsp;上院議院（貴族院）</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">これらのボキャブラリーはどんな意味？</a><ul><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">Whip</a></li><li><a href="#toc10" tabindex="0">Peer</a></li><li><a href="#toc11" tabindex="0">Spin doctor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="イギリスの君主制度"><span id="toc1"><strong>イギリスの君主制度</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/monarch-queen-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:500px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Annie Sprats</figcaption></figure>



<p>それではまず、国家の体制から見ていきましょう。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="立憲君主制とは"><span id="toc2">立憲君主制とは?</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/KingQueen.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:386px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Liza Pooor</figcaption></figure>



<p><br>まずはイギリス国家の統治形態ですが、イギリスには王様（現在はチャールズ３世）がいるので、アメリカやロシア、ドイツなどの<br><br><br><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333"><strong>共和制</strong>&nbsp;<strong>(republic </strong>/<strong>&nbsp;</strong>王様を置かない国<strong>)</strong></span><br><br><br>に対して、<br><br><br><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333"><strong>君主制&nbsp;(monarchy)</strong>&nbsp;</span><br><br><br>と呼ばれます。<br><br></p>



<p><br>君主制 (王様制) の国家と言うと&#8230;</p>



<p>みなさん歴史の教科書で習ったように、王様の子孫が代々特定の地位や財産を承継して、次第にダラけて贅沢三昧の生活になったあげく、それを補うために国民に重税を課して&#8230;</p>



<p>しまいには生活が苦しくなったみんなで<strong>アイツをやっつけろー!!!</strong>ってなイメージがあると思います。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/french-revolution.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:504px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">from wiki image</figcaption></figure>



<p>第一次世界大戦の後ぐらいから、何々帝国みたいなのが次第に消えてゆき、現在共和国の体制をとっている国がたくさん存在している事実と比べてみると、若い世代の人達から見たら、王様がいる国なんて２１世紀にもなって何やら古臭いやら、怪しいなどの印象を受けるかもしれません。<br><br>(日本にも天皇さんがいますが…。)</p>



<p><br>…が、これが意外にうまくバランスが取れているみたいで、この国イギリスでは民主主義のメンツは、とりあえずはいまだに保たれています。（ここ十数年の間に、貧富の差は確実に広がってきていますが&#8230;)<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="これは-君主制は君主制でもイギリスでは-国王は君臨すれども支配せず-というカタチの議会政治-立憲君主制-constitutional-monarchy-をとってきているからです"><strong><span style="color:#333333" class="tadv-color">これは、君主制は君主制でもイギリスでは『国王は君臨すれども支配せず』というカタチの議会政治、立憲君主制(constitutional monarchy)&nbsp;をとってきているからです。</span></strong></h5>



<p><br><br>ちなみに、日本の天皇が、&nbsp;“日本国と日本国民の象徴”（日本国憲法第一条）とされて、政治の外側に立っている点は、イギリスの立憲君主制の形にそっくりですよね。<br><br><br>これは、第二次世界大戦後に日本を占領・管理するために東京に設置された General Headquarters/GHQ (連合国の最高司令官総司令部)&nbsp;が日本の天皇制の戦後処理をどうするかってことになった時に、イギリスの立憲君主制の形を範として残していくべきでは? って事になったのが理由です。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="国の権力を握っているのは"><span id="toc3">国の権力を握っているのは?</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:566px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Ana Gic</figcaption></figure>



<p>というわけで現在のイギリスの国王 (チャールズ３世) は国の親分ってことに変わりはありませんが、<strong>政治的な力は持っていません。</strong><br><br><br>他国との友好関係を保つための国際的な訪問や、儀式的な行事への出席などで重要な役割を果たしています。（イギリス国王は、コモンウェルスの首長であり、イングランド国教会の首長でもあります。）<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="イギリスで最も強い権力を持つ政府-government-の頭は-総理大臣-prime-minister-現在は保守党出身ののボリスジョンソンさん-boris-johnson-であって-政治的な決断はすべて議会-parliament-の中で政府によって成されます">イギリスという国の中で、最も強い権力を持っているのは<strong>政府</strong> (<strong>Government</strong>) であり、そのトップは <span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333"><strong>総理大臣</strong> (<strong>Prime Minister</strong></span>) / 現在は労働党出身のキア・スターマーさん・<strong>Keir Starmer</strong>。そして政治的な決断はすべて<strong><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">議会</span></strong> (<strong><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">Parliament</span></strong>)&nbsp;を通してなされます。</h4>



<p><br><br>ただ、王様は常に政治の外にいるわけですが、総選挙の後に選ばれた総理大臣が王様を訪問する際に&#8230;<br><br><br>「よく来てくれた。わしがチャールズ３世だ。てなわけで、わしの名の元に政府を作ってくれたまえ。」<br><br><br>と言われるので、カタチとしては王様の政府&nbsp;<strong>『His Majesty’s government』</strong>と呼ばれるわけです。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Prince-Charles.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from postcard</figcaption></figure>



<p>総理大臣と王様は<strong>週１ペースでミーティング</strong>を行って、今現在社会で起こっている問題やこれからの課題について話し合いをするわけですが、その<strong>内容については </strong>「<strong>極秘</strong>」 と言うことで公開はされません。<br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="イギリス政府の仕組み"><span id="toc4"><strong>イギリス政府の仕組み</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/downing-street-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:510px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Jordhan Madec</figcaption></figure>



<p>総理大臣は任期中 <strong>10 Downing Street”</strong>、に住み込み、内閣の大臣達からの助けを借りながら、政府を引っぱっていきます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>10 Downing Street の映像は、ニュースなんかで総理大臣が重大発表する時なんかによく出てきますよね。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="総理大臣は-自分が総理大臣に選ばれた後-まずは内閣-cabinet-のメンバーを決めなければなりません">総理大臣は、自分が総理大臣に選ばれた後、まずは<strong><span style="color:#333333" class="tadv-color">内閣</span></strong>&nbsp;(<strong><span style="color:#333333" class="tadv-color">Cabinet</span></strong>)&nbsp;のメンバーを決めなければなりません。</h5>



<p><br><br>内閣は通常、総理大臣自身を含めて<strong>21〜25人の内閣大臣</strong>（政府の先任者から選出）によって構成されます。<br><br><br><br>そして現在の労働党内閣の中身 (2024年7月現在) はというと&#8230;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table aligncenter"><div class="scrollable-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>大臣の名前</td><td>ポジションと役割</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Sir Keir Starmer</strong></td><td><strong>内閣総理大臣</strong><br>(Prime Minister)<br>政府のトップ。政策の立案や施行、外交関係の代表などを行う。<br><br><strong>財務大臣</strong> <br>(First Lord of the Treasury)<br>財務省の長として、国家の財政や予算を管理する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Angela Rainer</strong></td><td><strong>副総理大臣</strong> <br>(Deputy Prime Minister)<br>首相の補佐役。首相の不在時には首相の職務を代行することもあり。<br><br><strong>住宅/地域社会向上担当大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Leveling Up, Housing and Communities)<br>地域間の格差の解消（Leveling Up）、住宅問題の改善、地域社会の発展を推進</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Rachel Reeves</strong></td><td><strong>大蔵大臣</strong> <br>(Chancellor of Exchequer)<br>イギリス政府の財務担当大臣。国の財政政策や経済政策の策定・実施を主導する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yvette Cooper</strong></td><td><strong>内務大臣</strong> <br>(Home Secretary)<br>内務省の最高責任者。国内の法と秩序、治安、移民、警察、消防などを管轄する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Ed Miliband</strong></td><td><strong>エネルギー安全保障/Net Zero 国務大臣</strong><br>(Secretary of State for Energy and Net Zero)<br>国のエネルギー政策と温室効果ガスの排出削減目標の達成を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Mr David Lammy</strong></td><td><strong>外務大臣</strong> <br>(Foreign Secretary)<br>外交関係の管理や指導、国際的な協定や条約の交渉・締結、国際問題の解決に関与。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Pat McFadden</strong></td><td><strong>ランカスター公領大臣</strong> <br>(Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster)<br>内閣と議会の間の連絡役として機能し、政府の戦略的課題や政策の実施に関与。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Shabana Mahmood</strong></td><td><strong>大法官兼司法大臣</strong> <br>(Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice）<br>司法と行政の橋渡し役として、司法の独立を保ちながらも、司法制度の効果的な運営を図る。また、法務省の責任者として、法律の制定・運用に関する政策の策定と実施を監督。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Wes Streeting</strong></td><td><strong>保健・社会福祉大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Health and Social Care)<br>NHSや社会福祉サービスの管理など、国民の健康と福祉を守るための政策を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Jonathan Reynolds</strong></td><td><strong>ビジネス・貿易大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Business and Trade)<br>国内外のビジネスと貿易を促進し、経済の発展をサポート。<br><br><strong>貿易委員会議長</strong><br>(President of the Board of Trade)<br>貿易に関する政策と交渉をリードし、国内企業の国際取引をサポート。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liz Kendall</strong></td><td><strong>労働・年金大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Work and Pensions)<br>国民の年金や福祉を管理し、雇用を促進する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>John Healey</strong></td><td><strong>国防大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Defence)<br>国の防衛と軍事活動を統括する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Louise Haigh</strong></td><td><strong>運輸大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Transport)<br>交通と輸送に関する全ての政策とインフラの管理を行う。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Peter Kyle</strong></td><td><strong>科学・イノベーション・技術大臣</strong><br>(Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology)<br>科学、イノベーション、技術に関する全ての政策とプロジェクトを管理。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Hilary Benn</strong></td><td><strong>北アイルランド担当大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Northern Ireland)<br>北アイルランドに関する全ての政策や自治政府との関係を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Ian Murray</strong></td><td><strong>スコットランド担当大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Scotland)<br>スコットランドに関する全ての政策や自治政府との関係を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bridget Phillipson</strong></td><td><strong>教育大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Education)<br>教育システムの質を向上、公平な教育の機会を提供するための政策を開発。<br><strong>女性差別・不平等関連担当大臣</strong><br>(Minister for Women and Equalities)<br>女性と少数派グループの権利を守り、平等な社会を実現するための政策を開発。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lisa Nandy</strong></td><td><strong>文化・メディア・スポーツ大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport)<br>国民の文化的・メディア的・スポーツ的な興味と参加を促進する。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Sir Alan Campbell</strong></td><td><strong>財務省議会次官</strong> <br>(Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury [Chief Whip])<br>党内の調整、議会の運営、党内組織の運営を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Darren Jones</strong></td><td><strong>財務省次官</strong> <br>(Chief Secretary to the Treasury)<br>予算案の準備、財政政策の立案と実行、および財務省の日常業務の管理を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Baroness Smith of Basildon</strong></td><td><strong>上院院内総務及び王室私印官</strong><br> (Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal)<br>上院で立法スケジュールを管理し、議会と政府の間の調整役として働く。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lucy Powell</strong></td><td><strong>内閣委員会議長兼下院院内総務</strong> <br>(Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons)<br>下院で立法スケジュールを管理し、政策や立法の進行をサポート。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Jo Stevens</strong></td><td><strong>ウエールズ担当大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Wales)<br>ウエールズに関する全ての政策や自治政府との関係を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Steve Reed</strong></td><td><strong>環境・食物・農業関連担当大臣</strong> <br>(Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)<br>環境保護、食物供給、農業、および農村地域に関する政策を担当。</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Anneliese Dodds</strong></td><td><strong>女性差別・不平等関連担当大臣</strong> <br>(Minister of State [Minister of Women and Equalities])<br>女性や少数派グループに対する差別をなくし、平等な社会を推進。</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p>見ての通り、なかには二役やってはる人もいますよね。💦<br><br><br>時にこれら内閣の大臣達は、総理大臣の判断によって、ある部署から違う部署に移されたり、また仕事のパフォーマンスがヘボかった場合には、最悪クビにさせられることもあります。<br><br><br>ちなみにこれは<strong> &#8220;Cabinet reshuffle” </strong>(<strong>キャビネット・リシャッフル</strong>)<strong> </strong>と呼ばれます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-16 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0004.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>日本で言うところの「<strong>内閣改造</strong>」ですね。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="イギリスの議会の仕組み"><span id="toc5"><strong>イギリスの議会の仕組み</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/westminster-palace.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16" style="width:526px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">photo by Deniz Funchidzhiev</figcaption></figure>



<p>イギリスの<span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333"><strong>議会</strong> (<strong>Parliament</strong></span>)&nbsp;は&#8230;<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫</strong> <strong>上院&nbsp; </strong>(<strong>House of Lords</strong>)<br><strong>⚫ 下院 &nbsp;</strong>(<strong>House of Commons</strong>)<br><strong>⚫ 君主&nbsp;</strong>/<strong>&nbsp;国王&nbsp;</strong> (<strong>Monarch</strong>)&nbsp;</h4>



<p><br>によって構成され、ウェストミンスター宮殿 (Palace of Westminster)、公式には <strong>the “Houses of Parliament</strong>”、&nbsp;日本でいう国会議事堂で開かれます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="ちなみに日本やスェーデン-デンマークなどの議会は-the-diet-ダイエット-アメリカや南米-中米共和国の議会は-congress-コングレス-と呼ばれます">ちなみに日本やスウェーデン、デンマークなどの議会は&nbsp;<strong><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">the Diet</span></strong>&nbsp;(ダイエット)、アメリカや南米・中米共和国の議会は <strong><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">Congress</span></strong>&nbsp;(コングレス)、と呼ばれます。</h5>



<p><br><br>議会は二院制で、上院（貴族院）と下院（庶民院）から構成されます。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="house-of-commons-下院義院-庶民院"><span id="toc6"><strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">House of Commons /&nbsp;下院議院</span></strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">（</span><strong><span class="tadv-background-color" style="background-color:#ffffff">庶民院）</span></strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="384" height="247" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17919" style="width:362px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.jpg 384w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Commons_Chamber_1-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">House of Commons</span></strong>&nbsp;(下院議院)は、国民の選挙によって選出された <strong>650人の議員</strong>&nbsp;(Members of Parliament / MPs)&nbsp;によって構成されます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="イギリスは650の選挙区-constituency-から成り-下院議員総選挙-general-election-は-5年に一度-または議会の解散後-開催"><strong>イギリスは650の<span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">選挙区&nbsp;(Constituency)</span> から成り、下院議員総選挙 (General election) は、5年に一度&nbsp;(または議会の解散後)&nbsp;開催されます。</strong></h5>



<p><br><br><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">選挙権&nbsp;(right to vote)</span>&nbsp;を登録した国民は、自分が住んでいる選挙区から議員になるために出馬する何人かの<span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">立候補者たち&nbsp;(Candidate</span>s)&nbsp;の中から、いちばん自分の考えが反映されていると思われる立候補者を選んで<span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333">投票&nbsp;(vote</span>)&nbsp;することができます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bubble-0001.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p>例外はありますが、たいていの議員立候補者は、何らかの政党&nbsp;(Political party)&nbsp;に属しています。</p>
</div></div>



<p><br>よく知られている政党を挙げてみると…<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">🔹<strong>Labour Party&nbsp;</strong>(<strong>労働党</strong>)<br>イギリスの主要な政党の一つで、労働者の権利や社会福祉の拡充を主張。<br>基本左派ですが、トニー・ブレア政権以来、真ん中寄りになり、党内での路線対立が見られる。<br><br>🔹<strong>Conservative Party </strong>(<strong>保守党・Tory</strong>)&nbsp;<br>英国のもう一つの主要な政党で、自由市場経済と伝統的価値観の維持を主張。<br>近年は、EU離脱を含め、大富豪実業家にとって都合の良い政策をとってきたため、国民からの信頼はかなり低下。<br><br>🔹<strong>Liberal Democrats&nbsp;</strong>(<strong>自由民主党</strong>)<br>左派の真ん中寄り。自由主義と社会正義を重視し、環境問題や人権の保護を重視。<br>今回の選挙では、かなりの席の獲得に成功。<br><br>🔹<strong>Green Party&nbsp;</strong>(<strong>環境保護・みどりの党</strong>)<br>環境保護と持続可能な社会の実現を目指す政党。気候変動対策や再生可能エネルギーを推進。<br>(個人的には２大政党のうちの１つになってほしい！)<br><br>🔹<strong>Scottish National Party</strong> (<strong>スコットランド国民党・SNPとも呼ばれる </strong>)<br>スコットランドの独立を目指す政党で、左派。<br>スコットランドの自治権拡大と社会福祉の強化を主張。<br><br>🔹<strong>Reform UK</strong> (<strong>リフォームUK党</strong>)<br>「ブレグジット党」として設立され、2020年に「リフォームUK」に改名。<br>国際的にもネオナチなどの最右翼団体と繋がっている、極右政党。</h4>



<p><br><br>選挙の結果、650席あるなかで、最終的に最も多数の席を占めることができた政党 (現時点では労働党)&nbsp;が選挙の勝者・<strong>与党</strong>&nbsp;(<strong>Ruling party</strong>)となって<strong>政府</strong> (<strong>Government</strong>) を立ち上げ、その政党のリーダーが総理大臣となります。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="373" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17920" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PM_Starmer-300x219.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Gov.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p><br>一方で、２番目に多数の席を占めた政党は <strong>Opposition</strong>&nbsp;(日本でいう<strong>野党</strong>・現時点では保守党)と呼ばれ、<strong>Shadow Cabinet</strong>&nbsp;(<strong>影の内閣</strong>)&nbsp;を立ち上げて、対立する与党であるオモテの内閣の活動を批判したり、問い詰めたりして挑んでいきます。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="house-of-lords-上院議院-貴族院"><span id="toc7"><strong>House of Lords&nbsp;/&nbsp;上院議院（貴族院）</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="369" height="245" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17921" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords.jpg 369w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/House_of_Lords-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p>イギリス議会のもうひとつの議院は&nbsp;“<span class="tadv-color" style="color:#333333"><strong>House of Lords</strong>”</span>&nbsp;/&nbsp;上院議院です。<br></p>



<p>上院議院はおよそ800人のメンバー（総理大臣の助言をもとにして、国王から選出される）によって構成され、みなさんそれぞれがあらゆる地位、階層の出身です。</p>



<p>メンバーは、ビジネスから法律、科学、教育、文化、スポーツ、公共サービスなど、それこそいろんな分野で成功して活躍している人達で、自らの深い知識や経験などを用いて、イギリス国民全体に関わる問題を検討していきます。<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="house-of-lords-貴族院-の役割としては-政党政治で国を動かしているhouse-of-commons-庶民院-が暴走していたら-ストップをかけ-つまずいていたらサポートするという感じです"><strong>House of Lords&nbsp;</strong>(貴族院)&nbsp;の役割としては、政党政治で国を動かしている<strong>House of Commons&nbsp;</strong>(庶民院)&nbsp;が暴走していたらストップをかけ、つまずいていたらサポートするという感じです。</h5>



<p><br><br>どちらかの院が決議した事柄に対しては、必ずもう片方の院の承認が必要となります。<br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">これらのボキャブラリーはどんな意味？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7003" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/andrea-de-santis-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Andrea De Santis</figcaption></figure>



<p>ここでは、政治関連のニュースで時々に耳にする、あまり馴染みのない「えっ、何コレ？」的なボキャブラリーを解説していきます。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">Whip</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17924" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jocelyn-morales-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Jocelyn Morales</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>Whip</strong> (ウィップ) とは、党内の秩序、規律、効果的なコミュニケーションを維持するために、党内に置かれた役人。上院にも下院にも、それぞれの党にウィップが配置されています。<br><br><br>主な仕事は、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫</strong>投票で決断がなされる際に、党員が個人的な概念ではなく、党の方針に従って投票しているかをチェックして、党の規律を保つ。<br><strong>⚫</strong>党の立場をメンバーに伝え、メンバーの懸念や異議を指導部に報告。<br><strong>⚫</strong>特に重要な投票にちゃんとメンバーが出席するようにオーガナイズする。<br><strong>⚫</strong>党内分裂を防ぐためにメンバー間での交渉や調停を行う。</h4>



<p><br>党内で最も上級のウィップは、<strong>Chief Whip</strong> (チーフウィップ) と呼ばれ、他のウィップの仕事を調整しながら、党の指導者と連絡を取り合います。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc10">Peer</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="299" height="169" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17925" style="width:341px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers.jpg 299w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/uk-peers-240x135.jpg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>Peer</strong> (貴族) は、特定の貴族階級のメンバーで、特に立法に関与する&#8221;<strong>House of Lords</strong>&#8221; (<strong>貴族院</strong>)<strong>の議員</strong>を指します。<br>（貴族には、&#8221;aristocrat&#8221; というボキャブラリーもありますが、こちらは広い意味で貴族階級全体を指し、特定の政治的役割を必ずしも含みません。）<br></p>



<p>イギリスの貴族制度は &#8220;<strong>Peerage</strong>&#8221; と呼ばれ、5つの貴族位が含まれます。<br><br><br>これらをランク順に並べると&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫Duke</strong>（<strong>公爵</strong>）<br>歴史的に最も多くの土地と権力を持ち、国王に次ぐ地位を占める。<br>例）Duke of Cambridge (ケンブリッジ公爵）、Duke of Sussex (サセックス公爵）<br><br><strong>⚫<strong>Marquess</strong></strong>（<strong><strong>侯爵</strong></strong>）<br>元々は国境地帯の防衛と統治を担当し、公爵に次ぐ大きな土地の持ち主。<br>例）Marquess of Salisbury（ソールズベリー侯爵）<br><br><strong>⚫<strong>Earl</strong></strong>（<strong><strong>伯爵</strong></strong>）<br>歴史的には、広大な土地と影響力を持っていた地方の統治者。<br>例）Earl of Derby (ダービー伯爵)<br><br><strong>⚫<strong>Viscount</strong></strong>（<strong><strong>子爵</strong></strong>）<br>もともとは伯爵の補佐を務める役職でしたが、後に貴族の称号となる。<br>例）Viscount St. Albans (ヴィスカウント・セント・オールバンズ)<br><br><strong>⚫Baron</strong>（<strong>男爵</strong>）<br>国王に忠誠を誓い、領地を管理したり、軍事的支援を提供したりしていた。<br>例）Baron Addington（バロン・アディントン）</h4>



<p><br>ちなみに、これらの位は家系を通じて代々引き継がれるものが多いようです。<br><br><br><br><br>あと、&#8221;<strong>Life Peerage</strong>&#8220;という言葉もありますが、これは<strong>一代限りの貴族</strong>のこと。<br><br><br>政治、経済、科学、芸術などの分野で顕著な功績を残したり、公共サービスににおいて長年の貢献が認められた人物には、生涯にわたって貴族の称号が与えられます。しかしながら、そのタイトルを子孫が引き継ぐことはできません。</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc11">Spin doctor</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="397" height="444" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-17926" style="width:254px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell.jpg 397w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Alastair_Campbell-268x300.jpg 268w" sizes="(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p><strong>Spindoctor</strong> (スピンドクター)とは、政治家や政党の成功のために裏で働く戦略家。<br>有名なところでは、元首相トニー・ブレアの広報顧問として知られる、写真上の &#8220;<strong>Alastair Campbell</strong>&#8221; (アラステア・キャンベル)。</p>



<p>スピンドクターの具体的な役割は&#8230;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>⚫</strong> メディアを通じて伝えるメッセージやストーリーを計画するなどの戦略を立てる。<br><strong>⚫</strong> メディア関係者との良好な関係を築き、情報を提供することで報道をコントロールする。<br><strong>⚫</strong> 政治家や政党が、国民にポジティブな印象を与えられるようにアドバイスする。<br><strong>⚫</strong> 特定のメッセージを強調したりすることによって、世論を有利な方向に導く。<br><strong>⚫</strong> スキャンダルが発生した際に、迅速に対処する。</h4>



<p></p>



<p><br><br>ということで、今回の記事はこんな感じとなります。<br><br>最後まで読んでいただき、ありがとうございました。<br><br></p>



<p>それではまた。</p>



<p>コンカズ<br></p>



<p>*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/british-political-system-english/">【UK Political System】explained!!!</a></p>



<p>*あわせて読みたい <br>👉 <a rel="noopener follow" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/england-education-system/">【イギリスの教育制度】の特徴を簡単にまとめてみました。</a></p>



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