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	<title>politics | Reading the Planet</title>
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	<link>https://www.konkaz.com</link>
	<description>Learning to understand a changing world. 気候変動・格差・社会の変化について学び共有するブログ</description>
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	<title>politics | Reading the Planet</title>
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		<title>How the Green Party Won Hackney in the 2026 Local Elections</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/local-election-hackney-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2026 10:22:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22390</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Green Party achieved a historic breakthrough in Hackney’s 2026 local elections, overturning long-standing Labour dominance and reshaping the borough’s political landscape.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Well&#8230; we finally did it.<br><br>I’m genuinely really happy about this.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Local elections were held across England on 7th May, and here in Hackney, the borough of London where I live, Green Party candidates won a majority of seats and even took control of the mayoralty from Labour in what many are calling a historic victory.<br><br><br><strong>Honestly, this feels massive!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>So in this article, I’d like to take a closer look at the local elections in Hackney.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-1"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-1">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Election Day Report</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">A Historic Victory</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">What a Green Mayor Means</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">My Reflections on This Election</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Election Day Report</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22363" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by mounsey</figcaption></figure>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br>Door-to-Door Canvassing</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For over a year, we’d been knocking on doors or delivering leaflets week after week. <br><br>Election Day itself felt like the culmination of all those efforts.<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>And no matter how much local residents support the Green Party, it means very little unless people actually go to the polling station and cast their vote on the day.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>So on Election Day, it was mainly about revisiting households we had identified over time as Green Party supporters — or voters who seemed broadly sympathetic to the Greens — and reminding them directly&#8230;<br><br>“<strong>Today’s the big day. Your vote really matters, so please make sure to get out and vote.</strong>”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In London, especially in Hackney, Labour has held an overwhelming majority of seats for decades.<br><br>And because of that, there sometimes seemed to be an atmosphere that winning those seats was almost taken for granted.<br><br><br>In fact, I only started seeing Labour activists doing door-to-door canvassing around two weeks before Election Day, which honestly gave me the impression that there was a certain level of complacency there as well.<br><br><br><br>On the other hand, despite sensing a clear expansion of local support for the Greens, the party had historically remained a political minority in terms of seat numbers.<br><br>So even if many members felt that we had done everything we possibly could, there was still an underlying sense of anxiety and uncertainty.<br><br><br>I think that was how a lot of members honestly felt.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">verification</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">After a long day of knocking on doors from morning until night, I headed to the town hall with my ID card, after the organiser for my local ward had asked me to take part in the verification process.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The verification process that takes place after local elections in the UK is something that is not commonly seen in Japan.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Put simply&#8230; </p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">it’s a process where ballot boxes are opened in the presence of candidates or their representatives from each party. The ballot papers are then sorted in large batches by council staff, while party observers watch closely and record the numbers as they are counted.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>It’s not exactly the role of an “auditor” in a strict sense, but more like an observer whose job is to help ensure that the election process remains transparent.</strong><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are not that many participants compared to the number of staff involved. On top of that, the process moves at an incredible speed, so it is practically impossible to keep track of the exact vote counts.<br><br>Even so, you can still get a rough sense of how each party is performing in each ward, and the overall direction of the results.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>When I arrived at the venue, almost everyone there apart from me was either a candidate themselves or someone who had been active in the Green Party for many years. As a complete beginner, I have to admit I felt quite nervous and out of place.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The verification didn’t finish until just before 3 a.m.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I must have been so tired that, even though it was Friday and the kids didn’t need packed lunches the next day, I still ended up making lunch as usual.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">A Historic Victory</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22367" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First, it is worth noting that in Hackney, Labour has been in power since 1971 — a period of more than 55 years.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Before the election, the composition of Hackney Council was as follows: out of a total of 57 seats…</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><div class="scrollable-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Political Party </strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Number of Seats</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Labour</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">43</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Conservative</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">6</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Green Party</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">4</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Hackney Independent Socialist Collective</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">3</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Independent</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">1</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And of course, the mayor was Labour too.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>That had been the political reality in Hackney for decades. However, around midday on the day after the election, the first major result began to emerge&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Zoë Garbett&nbsp;elected mayor!!!</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>At that moment, it genuinely felt like the beginning of a new chapter in Hackney politics.</strong><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Come to think of it, looking at the state of the world right now, I can’t help feeling that if someone like Zoë Garbett hadn’t been elected at this moment, then perhaps there really wouldn’t have been much hope left at all.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>As the afternoon went on, the results for the councillor seats gradually started coming in.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>At first, the expectation was that even 15 seats would have been considered a huge success. But in the run-up to the election, there were also expectations that things might go well enough to reach around 30 seats&#8230; possibly even close to a majority.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But when the final result came in…</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>an incredible 42 seats!!!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hackney had suddenly turned Green almost overnight. The results were as follows.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><div class="scrollable-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Political Party </strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>Number of Seats</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Green Party</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">42</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Labour</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">9</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Conservative</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">6</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Incidentally, Hackney Downs ward, where I live, has three council seats, and all three candidates, Alastair Binnie-Lubock, Laura-Louise Fairly, and Dylan Law, were successfully elected.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22373" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555795614129848;width:398px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">From left: Dylan Law, Laura-Louise Fairly, and Alastair Binnie-Lubock</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In particular, Dylan Law — who had only just turned 20 — was expected to be appointed Deputy Mayor if Zoë Garbett won the mayoralty, so it really could not have been a better result.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The only disappointing result was in Homerton ward, where the Hackney Independent Socialist Collective, which works closely with the Green Party, lost its seat to Labour.<br><br><br>However, despite belonging to different political organisations, the two groups share very similar political goals, and it is expected that they will continue collaborating in the future.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">What a Green Mayor Means</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22370" style="aspect-ratio:1.555593239500311;width:498px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Green Party Mayor Zoë Garbett</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Having a Green Party mayor in Hackney means moving from being the side that simply proposes ideas to the side that actually makes decisions.</strong><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">It places them in a position to lead the overall direction of the council: deciding what the main priorities should be, how budgets are allocated, and which policies the council chooses to focus on.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Up until now, the Green Party had mainly been in the position of demanding things from the outside:</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“We need stronger climate policies!”<br>“We need more genuinely affordable housing!”<br>“We should be investing more in public services!”<br>“Stop pension funds investing in companies supplying weapons to Israel!”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">That was the kind of role the Greens had traditionally played.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>However, becoming mayor means taking on the responsibility of governing — actually operating the local authority and putting policies into action.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, this could mean giving greater priority, in terms of both staffing and budget, to areas such as:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️ safer infrastructure for cyclists<br>▪️ tackling air pollution<br>▪️ council housing<br>▪️ protecting green spaces<br>▪️ public transport policy<br>▪️ and community-led renewable energy projects involving local residents and organisations</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>It also means having the power to form a cabinet, appoint senior members, and set the overall direction of the administration — in other words, the ability to reshape the priorities and political atmosphere of the council itself.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Zoë Garbett had already gained a certain level of media attention through her role as a member of the London Assembly, but this election result could push her much further into the public spotlight.<br><br>And if her influence within local government continues to grow, there is the possibility that she could begin influencing other councils and even national politics.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>That said, turning all of this into reality comes with a number of significant constraints: local authority budgets, relations with central government, cooperation with Labour councillors, and coordination with the bureaucracy — all of which limit what can be achieved in practice.<br><br><br>And yet, given just how many Green Party councillors have now been elected, it is hard not to feel that someone with her energy, determination, and ability might just be able to make it work.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">My Reflections on This Election</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22372" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556019194658877;width:444px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Green Party Deputy Mayor Dylan Law</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In this local election, the Green Party achieved a dramatic breakthrough in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, next to Hackney, going from no representation at all to 31 councillors.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the London Borough of Lewisham in South London, the Greens also secured the mayoralty, while in Wales the party won its first-ever council seats — a clear sign of growing momentum for the Greens across the country.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This suggests that many voters who are unhappy with the current political system — yet who have traditionally voted Labour or Conservative — are starting to break away from that long-established two-party framework.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>In other words, it also reflects a growing sense of urgency and concern among the public.</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">From the perspective of climate change, one of the individuals who may play an important role in shaping Hackney’s future is <strong>Dylan Law</strong>, who was appointed Deputy Mayor at the age of just 20. </h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>He appears to be a person of strong conviction and a calm, composed character.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is younger generations who perhaps feel the reality of the climate crisis most acutely. Dylan Law’s responsibilities are likely to focus mainly on housing policy and improvements to the education system, but his future work is expected to have a strong impact on people of his own generation. <br><br><br>This, in turn, could encourage more young people to engage in politics, push back against the rise of far-right movements, and help build a faster, more internationally connected climate action movement based in London.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And so, I’d like to extend my sincere congratulations to everyone who has been elected — truly well deserved.<br><br><br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/local-election-hackney/">イギリス地方選挙でグリーン党が歴史的大勝利 ─ ロンドン・ハックニーで起きた政治変化とは</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>イギリス地方選挙でグリーン党が歴史的大勝利──ロンドン・ハックニーで起きた政治変化とは</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/local-election-hackney/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 17:22:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22362</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[イギリス地方選挙でグリーンパーティーが大きく躍進しました。ロンドン・ハックニーでも政治の流れに変化が見られ、今回の結果は新しい動きとして注目されています。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br><br><br>いやぁ、とうとうやりました！<br><br>かなり嬉しいです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">５月７日にイングランドで地方選挙が行われたのですが、僕の住むロンドンのハックニー区では、グリーンパーティーの候補者たちが議席の多数を獲得し、さらに区長の座も労働党から奪取するという、『<strong>歴史的な勝利</strong>』を収めました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>これはとてつもなく大きな出来事です！</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで今回は、ハックニーの地方選挙についてレポートしていきたいと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-2"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-2">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">投票日レポート</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">歴史的な勝利</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>グリーンの区長誕生の意味</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">今回の選挙で感じたこと</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">投票日レポート</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22363" style="width:436px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/polling-day-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by mounsey </figcaption></figure>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>戸別訪問</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">1年以上前から毎週続けてきた戸別訪問やチラシ配布。その集大成が、今回の投票日当日の活動でした。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>地域の住民がどれだけグリーンパーティーを支持していても、選挙当日に実際に投票所へ足を運び、票を入れてくれなければ意味がありません。</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そのため当日の戸別訪問は、これまでの活動を通して把握してきたグリーンパーティー支持者、あるいはグリーン寄りと思われる有権者の家を回り、</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「<strong>今日がその大事な選挙当日ですよ。あなたの一票が本当に重要なんです。ぜひ投票に行ってくださいね</strong>」</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">と直接リマインドするためのものでした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ロンドン、特にハックニーでは、何十年もの間、労働党が圧倒的多数の議席を占めてきました。そのため彼らには、「議席を確保するのは当然」という空気がどこか漂っていたように思われます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">実際、僕が労働党が戸別訪問をする活動を見かけるようになったのは、投票日の2週間ほど前からだったので、そこにもある種の complacency（慢心）が見えていた気がします。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>一方、グリーン側は、地元住民の支持の広がりを実感しながらも、過去の議席数を考えれば、長年マイノリティ側だったことに変わりはありません。<br><br><br>だからこそ、「やれることは全てやった」と思っていても、どこか不安が残る&#8230; それが多くのメンバーの正直な心境だったと思います。<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>verification</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">朝から晩までの戸別訪問を終えた後、僕は自分の住む Wardのオーガナイザーから「<strong>verification</strong>」に参加してほしいと頼まれていたので、IDを持って区役所へ向かいました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">イギリスの地方選挙後に行われる verification は、日本ではあまり見られないプロセスです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>簡単に言うと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">各党の候補者や代理人たちが立ち会う中で、投票箱が開封され、大量の投票用紙が仕分けされていく。その様子を各党の関係者が確認し、票数を記録していく作業です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>厳密な</strong>「<strong>監査人</strong>」<strong>というほどではありませんが、選挙の透明性を担保するための観察者、という役割に近いと思います。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>スタッフの人数に比べ、参加者はそれほど多くありません。しかも作業は驚くほどのスピードで進むので、正確な票数を把握するのはどうあがいても無理です。それでも、それぞれの区でどの党がどの程度票を得ているのか、大まかな空気は感じ取ることができました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>会場に入ると、僕以外はほとんどが立候補者本人か、長年グリーンパーティーで活動してきた人たちだったので、初心者の僕は正直なところ、「かなりそわそわしていた」いったところでしょうか。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">verification が終わったのは朝3時前。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さすがに頭が回っていなかったのか、翌日は金曜日で子どもたちのお弁当が不要だったにもかかわらず、普通に弁当を作ってしまいました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">歴史的な勝利</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22367" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555681753648702;width:478px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/victory-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>まず、ハックニーでは、1971年以来、55年以上にわたって労働党が政権を維持してきました。選挙前までのハックニー区議会の議席構成は、全57議席のうち&#8230;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-table aligncenter"><div class="scrollable-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>政党</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>議席数</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Labour (労働党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">43</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Conservative (保守党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">６</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Green Party (緑の党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">４</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Hackney Independent Socialist Collective <br>(独立社会主義グループ）</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">３</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Independent (無所属）</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">１</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして、区長ももちろん労働党。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そんな状況だったのですが、投票日翌日の昼ごろ、まず飛び込んできたニュースが&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Zoë Garbett 区長当選!!!</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br><strong>この時点で、もう新しい歴史の始まりを感じました。</strong><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-flat sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box not-nested-style cocoon-block-balloon" style="--cocoon-custom-background-color:#ebf8f4;--cocoon-custom-border-color:#ebf8f4"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon has-background has-border-color has-watery-green-background-color has-watery-green-border-color">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">逆に、今世界で起きていることを考えると、このタイミングで彼女のような人物が選ばれなかったら、もう希望は残されていなかったのではないかとも思いますね。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>そして午後になると、少しずつ区議会議員の当選結果が入ってきます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">もともとは、「15議席ぐらい取れれば大成功」という雰囲気だったらしいのですが、選挙前の予測では、うまくいけば30議席前後、過半数に届くかもしれないという話も出ていました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">しかし、ふたを開けてみれば</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>なんと42議席！</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ハックニーは、一気にグリーンになっていました。（下がその結果。）<br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-table"><div class="scrollable-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>政党</strong></td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center"><strong>議席数</strong></td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Green Party (緑の党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">42</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Labour (労働党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">9</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">Conservative (保守党)</td><td class="has-text-align-center" data-align="center">6</td></tr></tbody></table></div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ちなみに、僕の住む Hackney Downs ward は3議席あるのですが、アラステアさん、ローラ・ルイーズさん、ディランさんの3人がそろって当選。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22373" style="aspect-ratio:1.5556301618209898;width:376px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hackney-Downs-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">From left: Dylan Law, Laura-Louise Fairly, and Alastair Binnie-Lubock</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>特に、20歳になったばかりのディランさんは、Zoë Garbett が区長に当選した場合、副区長に指名される予定だったので、これ以上ない結果だったと言えます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>唯一残念だったのは、Homerton wardで、Green Partyと協力関係にある Hackney Independent Socialist Collectiveの議席が Labourに奪われてしまったことです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ただ、政党は違っていても、目指している方向は非常に近いので、これからも連携しながら活動していくことが期待されています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>グリーンの区長誕生の意味</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22370" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555752683402821;width:506px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/zoe-garbett-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Green Party Mayor Zoë Garbett</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hackneyでグリーンパーティーのメンバーが区長になるという事は、これまで「提案する側」から「決定する側」へ移行することを意味します。</strong><br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">何を優先課題にするのか、どこに予算を配分するのか、Council がどの政策に力を入れるのかといった方向性を主導できる立場になります。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>これまでグリーンパーティーは、<br><br>もっと気候政策を進めるべきだ！<br>住民が負担できる家賃の住宅を増やすべきだ！<br>公共サービスに投資すべきだ！<br>年金基金によるイスラエル向け武器企業への投資をストップしろよ！<br><br>と言った感じで、外側から要求する立場でした。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ところが区長になれば、実際に役所を動かして政策を実行する責任を担うことになります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">例えば、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>▪️</strong>サイクリストにとって安全な環境整備<br><strong>▪️</strong>大気汚染対策<br><strong>▪️</strong>カウンシルハウジング<br><strong>▪️</strong>グリーンスペースの確保<br><strong>▪️</strong>公共交通政策<br><strong>▪️</strong>地域市民や地域団体が主体となる再生可能エネルギー事業</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>など、より優先的に人員や予算を投入することが可能になります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらにキャビネットを組んで、幹部メンバーを任命したり、行政方針を設定したりなど、Council 全体の空気や優先順位そのものを変える力を持つことになります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Zoë Garbettさんは、もともとロンドン・アセンブリーのメンバーとして一定のメディア露出がありましたが、今回の結果を受けて今後さらに注目を集める可能性があります。また、区政での影響力が強まれば、他自治体や全国政治にも影響を与える存在になることが期待されます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ただ、これらを実現するには多くの壁があります。自治体財政の制約、中央政府との関係、労働党議員との協力、官僚組織との調整など、現実の行政運営にはさまざまな制限が伴います。<br><br><br>それでも、これだけ多くのグリーンパーテイーの議員が当選したことを考えると、活力と強い信念、そして高い能力を持つ彼女なら、やってくれそうな気がしてなりません。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">今回の選挙で感じたこと</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22372" style="aspect-ratio:1.555604883462819;width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/dylan-law-1-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Green Party Deputy Mayor Dylan Law</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">今回の地方選挙では、ハックニーと隣接するLondon Borough of Waltham Forestで、これまで議席ゼロだったグリーンパーティーから31人が当選しました。<br><br>また、南ロンドンのLondon Borough of Lewishamではグリーンパーティーの区長が誕生し、ウェールズでもグリーンパーティーが初議席を獲得するなど、各地でグリーン勢力の躍進が見られました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">これは、既存政治への不満を抱えながらも、これまでは労働党か保守党のどちらかに投票する傾向が強かった有権者たちが、その従来の枠組みから徐々に抜け出し始めていることを示していると言って良いでしょう。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>逆に言えば、それだけ人々が危機感を抱いていることの表れとも言えます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">気候変動という観点から見ると、ハックニーの将来において重要な鍵を握る人物の一人は、20歳という若さで副区長に就いたディランさんではないかと思います。彼は非常に芯が強く、落ち着いた印象を持つ人物です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">気候変動の不安を最も直接的に感じているのは、やはり現代の若い世代です。ディランさんの担当は主に住宅政策や教育システムの改善になると思われますが、今後の彼の活動は、同世代の若者たちに大きな刺激を与えるはずです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">それによって、より多くの若い世代が政治の場に参加し、極右勢力の拡大を押し返しながら、ロンドンを拠点とした、よりスピーディーで国際的な気候対策運動へとつながっていくことを期待しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>というわけで、当選された皆さん、このたびは本当におめでとうございました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/local-election-hackney-english/">How the Green Party Won Hackney in the 2026 Local Elections</a></p>
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		<title>What Is a Postal Voter in the UK? Why Postal Votes Matter in Election Campaigns</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/postal-voter-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 06:38:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22336</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What is a postal voter in the UK? Here, we explain how postal voting works and why political campaigns prioritise postal voters in doorknocking strategies.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>With the local elections approaching, the Green Party’s presence in Hackney has become increasingly noticeable, especially with the momentum behind Zack Polanski.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Lately, I’ve been hearing the term “<strong>postal voter</strong>” quite a lot.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It basically means someone who votes by mail, but since I’m Japanese and don’t have the right to vote here, it’s not something I’d really paid much attention to before.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>So in this article, I’d like to look into what a “postal voter” actually is and explain it in a clear and accessible way.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-3"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-3">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>What Is a Postal Voter in the UK?</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"><strong>Why Postal Voters Matter in Election Campaigns</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>Why Campaigns Prioritise Postal Voters in Doorknocking</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>Summary</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>What Is a Postal Voter in the UK?</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22307" style="width:454px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First of all, a &#8216;postal voter&#8217; is <strong>someone who votes by mail</strong> rather than going to a polling station.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the UK, anyone can apply for a postal vote without needing to give a specific reason. Once registered, a ballot paper is sent to your home before the election.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Thanks to this UK postal voting system, voters don’t have to head to a polling station on election day—they can vote whenever it suits them.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In other words, postal voters are…</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>people who have already cast their votes before election day.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"><strong>Why Postal Voters Matter in Election Campaigns</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="534" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22308" style="aspect-ratio:1.498154317097326;width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post-768x513.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by johannes plenio</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The current postal voting system, which is available to everyone, is a relatively recent development introduced as part of the 2000 reforms.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Since this change in the system, the number of users has increased significantly, and postal voters now play a very important role in modern elections.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>One major reason for this is that their votes are cast earlier in the process.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In postal voting, many people return their ballot within a few days after receiving it at home, so it is not uncommon for them to have already voted before election day.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This means that&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>part of the result has already been decided before election day even arrives.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>In addition, people who use postal voting are generally said to have higher turnout rates and a relatively strong interest in politics.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">That’s why political parties see them as voters they are keen to win over.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>Why Campaigns Prioritise Postal Voters in Doorknocking</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22309" style="width:446px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As I mentioned earlier, postal voters are really important in election campaigning, which is why they’re a key target when it comes to door knocking.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>To begin with, the timing of contacting them is crucial.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">If you visit people after they’ve received their ballot papers, there’s a chance they’ve already voted. Therefore, campaigning tends to focus heavily on the period just before and immediately after ballot papers are delivered.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Postal voters are also <strong>people who have already expressed an intention to vote</strong>, so they’re a pretty efficient group to focus on when trying to secure votes.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In election campaigning, it is important not to approach all voters in the same way, but to prioritise those who are more likely to vote for you.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Furthermore, political parties have a certain level of information about who postal voters are, allowing them to narrow down which households to visit based on that data. This enables more strategic and efficient campaigning.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>As a result, postal voters are a particularly important target when it comes to door knocking.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>Summary</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22315" style="width:446px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From all of this, we can see that UK elections aren’t decided on election day alone.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In reality, the electoral process begins well before that, and postal voters play an important role&nbsp;in that whole process.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Until next time.<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/postal-voter/">イギリスの郵便投票はなぜ重要？戸別訪問（doorknocking）で重視される理由</a></p>
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		<title>イギリスの郵便投票はなぜ重要？戸別訪問（doorknocking）で重視される理由</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/postal-voter/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 08:12:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=22306</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[イギリスの郵便投票（postal voter）はなぜ重要なのか？戸別訪問（doorknocking）で優先される理由や、選挙戦略における役割を詳しく解説します。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br><br><br>地方選挙の日程が近づいてきました。リーダーのザク・ポランスキーさんの勢いもあって、僕の住むハックニーでは、ここのところ Green Party 存在感が強まっているのを肌で感じます。<br><br><br><br>そんな中、&#8221;<strong>Postal Voter</strong>&#8221; と言うフレーズをよく耳にするようになりました。<br><br><br>直訳すると「<strong>郵便投票者</strong>」となるわけですが、僕自身は日本人で投票権を持っていないこともあり、これまでその仕組みに特別な興味を示したことはありませんでした。<br><br><br><br>そこで、今回の記事では、 Postal Voterとは実際にどんなものなのかを調べて、分かりやすくまとめてみたいと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-4"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-4">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Postal Voter とは何か？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">Postal Voterが選挙で重要な理由</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">なぜ 戸別訪問で特に重要なのか？</a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">まとめ</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Postal Voter とは何か？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22307" style="aspect-ratio:1.555618072356946;width:467px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/envelope-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、Postal Voterとは、投票所に行くのではなく、<strong>郵送で投票を行う有権者</strong>のことを指します。<br><br><br>イギリスでは、特にこれと言った理由がなくても、誰でも郵便投票を申請することができます。登録を済ませると、選挙前に投票用紙が自宅に送られてくる仕組みです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>この UK postal voting systemのおかげで、有権者は選挙当日に投票所へ行かなくても、自分の都合に合わせて投票することができるわけです。<br><br><br><br><br>つまり、Postal Voterは、</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>選挙日より前にすでに投票する人たち</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>と言い換えることもできます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">Postal Voterが選挙で重要な理由</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="534" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22308" style="aspect-ratio:1.498154317097326;width:467px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/uk-post-768x513.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by johannes plenio</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現在のように誰でも利用できる郵便投票制度は、2000年の制度改革によって導入された比較的新しい仕組みのようです。<br><br><br>この制度変更があって以来、利用者が大きく増加したこともあり、Postal Voterは現代の選挙において非常に重要な役割を果たしています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>その大きな理由の一つは、</strong>「<strong>投票が早く終わること</strong>」<strong>です。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>郵便投票では、投票用紙が自宅に届いた後、数日以内に返送する人が多く、選挙日前にすでに投票を終えているケースが少なくありません。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">つまり、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>選挙当日を待たずに、すでに結果の一部が決まっている</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>とも言えます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>さらに、郵便投票を利用する人は一般的に投票率が高く、政治への関心も比較的高い傾向があると言われています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">こうした理由から、各政党にとって「確実に取りにいきたい票」として重視されているのです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">なぜ 戸別訪問で特に重要なのか？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22309" style="width:518px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Siora-Photography-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Siora Photography</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで、Postal Voterが選挙運動において非常に重要な存在だというのは上に述べた通りで、そのような理由から、Postal Voterは戸別訪問において特に重要なターゲットとなります。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、彼らを訪問するタイミングがめちゃめちゃ大事です。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">投票用紙が届いた後に訪問しても、すでに投票を終えてしまっている可能性があるので、選挙運動では「投票用紙が届く直前から直後」にかけて集中的に訪問が行われます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>また、Postal Voterはすでに<strong>投票する意思がある人たち</strong>なので、効率的に票を確保できる対象でもあります。<br><br><br>選挙運動では、すべての有権者に同じようにアプローチするわけではなく、投票してくれる可能性が高い人に優先的に働きかけることが重要になってきます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>さらに、政党は誰がPostal Voterであるかをある程度把握しているため、そのデータに基づいて訪問先を絞り込むことができます。これによって、より戦略的で効率的な選挙活動が可能になってくるわけです。<br><br><br>こうした背景から、Postal Voterは戸別訪問において特に重要なターゲットとなります。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">まとめ</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="700" height="450" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-22315" style="aspect-ratio:1.5555938631270472;width:540px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida.jpg 700w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/koleida-300x193.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by koleida</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">以上のことから、Postal Voterについて理解すると、イギリスの選挙が「投票日当日だけ」で決まるのではないという事実が見えてきます。<br><br><br>選挙は、その前の段階からすでに始まっていて、Postal Voterはその流れの中で重要な役割を果たしているというわけなのです。<br><br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/postal-voter-english/">What Is a Postal Voter in the UK? Why Postal Votes Matter in Election Campaigns</a></p>
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		<title>What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2025 07:25:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21323</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What exactly is populism, and why does it matter? This concise guide breaks down Jan-Werner Müller’s insights on populism and its impact on democracy.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>In this article, I will be introducing <em>&#8216;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em>, a book by <strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong>, a German-born political philosopher and scholar of the history of political thought.<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="176" height="287" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21239" style="width:220px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I think the first time I heard the word “<strong>populism</strong>” was around the time of Brexit.<br><br><br>Back then, right-wing politicians had already been draining wealth from the working class through austerity measures. Then, in order to win elections, they brought up immigration issues to divide the working class, presenting themselves as “on the side of the people” and winning over a portion of them. I saw this kind of strategy — used by figures like Nigel Farage — as a clear example of populism.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>However, in 2025, with even the Labour Party having shifted to the right, it feels as though the only party still truly standing on the left for the interests of workers is the Green Party.<br>So I began supporting them&#8230; and then suddenly, Zack Polanski, running for party leader, says, “I’m an <strong>Eco-Populist</strong>”.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I actually think the policies he’s talking about make perfect sense.<br><br><br><strong>Still, the word </strong>“<strong>populist</strong>”<strong> just sounds negative to me.</strong><br><br><br><br>That’s why I bought this book — to try and make sense of my conflicting thoughts.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>The book does feel a bit challenging at times, since it covers a lot of historical politicians and events. But as you keep reading, you really start to understand what “populist” means.<br><br><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-5"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-5">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">What exactly is populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">How can we deal with populism?</a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is Jan-Werner Müller</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-21245" style="width:341px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s start with the author.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Jan-Werner Müller</strong> is a German-born political theorist and scholar, internationally recognised for his work on modern European political thought, populism, and democratic institutions.<br>He frequently contributes to major media outlets such as&nbsp;<em>The Guardian</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>The New York Times</em>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Among his major works are <em>&#8216;<strong>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe</strong>&#8216; </em>and <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em>.<br><br><br><br>In the book we’re looking at today — <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong>&#8216;</em> — Müller clearly explains how populism manipulates democratic systems and can sometimes lead to destructive outcomes.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">What exactly is populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21254" style="width:543px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term “<strong>populism</strong>” often comes up in the news — <strong>but what exactly does it mean?</strong><br><br><br> I’ve tried to figure it out, but it’s confusing. <br><br><br>Some so-called populists sound like a danger to society, yet sometimes those fighting against them get called populists too&#8230;<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Liberal elites often stir up anti-foreigner sentiment to win over people frustrated by economic inequality — using slogans like &#8216;kick out the foreigners!&#8217;.<br>But rather than genuinely responding to public demands, they continue to advance <strong>liberal technocracy</strong>, a system that deliberately sidelines the will of the people.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populism is often seen both as a threat to the liberal elite-driven politics that have distanced &#8216;the people&#8217; from democracy, and as a way to correct that very problem.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>At the end of the day, in a democracy, leaders are chosen through elections — so naturally, politicians try to win people over by telling stories that most citizens can understand and relate to.</strong><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because of this situation, populism is seen both as a friend and an enemy of democracy. As a result, we’re left struggling with how to define it clearly.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Especially since the idea of populism is understood in totally opposite ways in the US and Europe, I think it’s worth clearing that up here.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>In the U.S.</strong><br>In the U.S., populism often carries a positive image. It’s widely seen as the “voice of ordinary people” standing up to big corporations and entrenched elites — symbolised by grassroots movements. Many regard it as a genuine effort to bring the voices of the marginalised into politics, and as a step towards achieving true democracy.<br><br>▪️<strong>In Europe</strong><br>Populism tends to have a pretty negative reputation. It is regarded as a kind of politics that manipulates public anger, ignores complex realities, and wins votes through empty promises — in short, a demagogic style of politics. Because of this, populism is often seen as a threat to democratic integrity.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>According to the author, Jan-Werner Müller, the core claim of populism is “<strong>moralised anti-pluralism</strong>”.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In simpler terms, it’s the belief that there is only one true common good, that the people both understand and desire it, and that politicians or parties can directly implement it as policy.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>A politician who does not hold this belief cannot be called a populist.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Populists always say things like, &#8216;<strong>We’re the only ones who truly represent the real people</strong>&#8216;, and they tend to push out anyone with different opinions or from minority groups by calling them &#8216;not real people&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">In such a situation, if the populists’ sense of morality is distorted and the public is politically apathetic or complacent, people may blindly follow their angry rhetoric and end up suffering the consequences.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>To put it bluntly, populism rejects the essential democratic values of pluralism and political competition, and may threaten to destroy democracy from the inside.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>How do populists govern?</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21253" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These days, a lot of people around the world seem to be losing trust in democracy.<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But it’s not that people have come to dislike democracy itself — rather, they feel that democracy, shaped by neoliberalism and consumer-driven competition, no longer works in their favour.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Populist governments can present themselves as defenders of diversity and minority rights, positioning themselves in opposition to hegemonic liberalism.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">They skillfully connect their moral worldview with public discontent, thereby securing majority support in elections.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Once populists gain power, they tend to exclude those with differing opinions or minority groups, as they are fundamentally &#8216;<strong>anti-pluralist</strong>&#8216;, as previously mentioned.<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So in that sense, populists are often seen as successors to the Jacobins — the radical political group from the French Revolution.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Here’s what can actually happen&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">① <strong>Strengthen executive power while weakening the judiciary</strong><br><br>They often appoint their own people to courts and prosecutors&#8217; offices, effectively neutralising checks and balances.<br><br><br>② <strong>Amend the constitution and use it as a tool to replace existing public officials</strong><br><br>Under the pretext of &#8220;cleansing&#8221;, they replace existing public officials.<br><br><br>③ <strong>Turn political parties and state institutions into personal property</strong><br><br>They label critics as “traitors” or “enemies of the people” and push them out.<br><br><br>④ <strong>Elections continue in form but lose substance</strong><br><br>With media under control and opponents harassed, voting is no longer truly free or fair.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>In other words, populists come to power through democratic means, but afterwards, they use undemocratic methods to dismantle institutions and strengthen their own rule.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4"><strong>Examples of populists</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="307" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21242" style="width:460px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev-300x181.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let’s take a look at some typical examples of populists.</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸 Donald Trump<strong>（<strong>The U.S.</strong>）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Previously, even when the media or opposition parties criticised the government, they were still seen as essential components of democracy. But when Trump began calling unfavourable media coverage &#8216;fake news&#8217; and labeling opposing politicians as &#8216;anti-American&#8217;, the shared understanding of what counts as fact started to break down among the public.<br><br>▫️Instead of choosing public officials or judges based on &#8216;competence&#8217; and &#8216;experience&#8217;, they appoint only those who show personal loyalty — and anyone who dares to disagree gets pushed out, no matter how capable they are.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️When facing possible election defeat, they repeatedly claim &#8216;fraud&#8217; or &#8216;manipulation&#8217; without any evidence, undermining public trust in elections — the very foundation of democracy.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 <strong>Viktor Orbán (Hungary)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️The media used to be able to criticise the government, but once he came to power, newspapers and TV stations that didn&#8217;t align with the government&#8217;s views were bought out or shut down. As a result, the public had fewer chances to learn what was really happening, and the flow of information became heavily biased.<br><br>▫️Courts used to be able to make decisions without government interference. But the Orbán government appointed a large number of loyal judges, making sure that inconvenient rulings would no longer be issued. As a result, judicial independence was lost, and those in power could bend the rules without being held accountable.<br><br>▫️People with different views from the government — especially minorities — started being labeled as &#8216;traitors&#8217; or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, deepening social divisions.<br><br>▫️Before, a change in government meant rules and systems could go back to being neutral. But now the constitution and election laws have been rewritten, making it almost impossible for power to actually change hands.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 <strong>Jarosław Kaczyński (Poland)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️In the past, courts could make decisions without government interference. But when Kaczyński’s PiS party came to power, they stacked the Constitutional Court with their own allies, letting them bend the rules to suit themselves.<br><br>▫️Public broadcasters used to be relatively neutral. But since Kaczyński came to power, public TV and radio have mainly echoed the views of PiS, making it harder for opposition voices to reach the public.<br><br>▫️Everyone was meant to have the same rights, but then the government started calling LGBTQ+ people and immigrants a danger to Polish values, and suddenly hate became mainstream.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 <strong>Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Turkey)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Turkey used to have a parliamentary democracy with a functioning separation of powers. But Erdoğan expanded presidential powers through a referendum, creating a system where he can make decisions almost single-handedly.<br><br>▫️People used to be able to speak out against the government, but now Erdoğan uses the excuse of &#8216;fighting terrorism&#8217; to lock up or shut down critics. Free speech is basically disappearing.<br><br>▫️There used to be some political recognition for ethnic minorities, but Kurdish parties and local leaders have been arrested, and regions or groups that don’t comply with the government are now treated as &#8216;anti-state forces&#8217;.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪 <strong>Hugo Chávez (Venezuela)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️Although a democratic system existed, Chávez amended the constitution and consolidated control over the judiciary, military, and administration with loyalists, effectively personalising the state.<br><br>▫️Opposition parties and independent media used to operate freely, but their funding sources and broadcasters were shut down one after another, making it difficult to criticise the government and causing diverse opinions to disappear from the country.<br><br>▫️Support for the poor was limited but did exist initially. Chávez promised to expand state-led welfare programs to gain their support. However, because the economy relied heavily on oil, when prices dropped, the country quickly fell into crisis.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 <strong>Geert Wilders (Netherlands)</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️ There used to be at least some respect for multiculturalism, but Wilders kept pushing anti-Islam messages and calling immigrants &#8216;enemies of the Netherlands&#8217;, which stirred up conflict between people.<br><br>▫️ Freedom of speech was relatively stable before, but Wilders attacked criticism of himself as “elite bias,” undermining trust in the media and causing people to get swept up in emotional stories.<br><br>*Although he hasn’t officially taken power, his influence on society as a populist is significant.<br><br><br>As you can see from these examples, there are some striking similarities among them.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">How can we deal with populism?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21256" style="width:516px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As you get to the second half of the book, the key differences between democracy and populism start to become clear.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Democracy is based on the idea that even though leaders are chosen by majority vote, the policies they implement won’t always reflect the will of the majority.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>Populism, on the other hand, claims that any action taken by a populist government must not be questioned, simply because &#8216;it’s what the people want</strong>&#8216;.<br><br><br><br>So then the real question is: how do we defend democracy? <br><br><br><br><br>Here’s a summary based on what the book suggests&#8230;</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Clearly distance ourselves and respond from a standpoint that upholds democratic principles</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you ignore populists’ discriminatory or provocative remarks, saying they’re &#8216;not worth engaging with&#8217;, they use this to portray themselves as victims.<br><br>When they claim &#8216;there are too many immigrants&#8217;, if other parties concede even a little by saying &#8216;there’s some truth to that&#8217;, it’s seen as proof they were right.<br><br><br>👉 So, ignoring them or giving in even slightly is not a good strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Drop the assumption that everything can be resolved through conversation</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because populists see only their supporters as &#8216;the people&#8217;, they call opponents &#8216;traitors&#8217;, &#8216;non-citizens&#8217;, &#8216;elites&#8217;, or &#8216;foreign agents&#8217;, excluding them from being considered part of the nation.<br><br>Democratic debate requires the assumption that there is some merit in the other side’s views, but populists refuse to accept anyone else as legitimate and ignore opposing voices from the start.<br><br><br>👉 With populists, we need to discard the assumption that “dialogue will lead to mutual understanding” and try a different strategy.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Protect the systems that uphold democracy</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In democracy, even if the majority wins an election, the opinions and rights of minorities are still protected. In contrast, populists claim that &#8216;we are the entire nation&#8217; and believe that winning the election means they can do whatever they want.<br><br>Populists, who are &#8216;anti-pluralist&#8217;, say that opponents are enemies and dissent is not allowed. However, every government should always be subject to criticism, and having different opinions is essential to democracy.<br><br><br>👉 It is important not to respond with anger or emotion, but to consistently respect rules and procedures, thoroughly protecting the system from being destroyed.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Just criticising won’t solve anything</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Citizens who are frustrated don’t just want to hear who&#8217;s to blame — they want to know how things can actually get better. So simply criticising populists isn’t enough. Without offering real alternatives, people will naturally gravitate towards the hope that populists seem to offer.<br><br><br>👉 That’s why it’s essential to genuinely listen to people’s fears and anger, and present a more compelling vision than the populists can.<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> Reclaim the word &#8216;the people&#8217; from populists</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Populists try to define &#8216;the people&#8217; as those who support them, but in reality, citizens hold a wide range of views, backgrounds, and life experiences.<br><br>If &#8216;the people&#8217; just means the populists&#8217; base, others will feel scared to speak up.<br><br><br>👉 The goal of democracy is to balance these diverse voices and build a society where we live together. That means treating the voices of minorities, the poor, immigrants, young people, and the elderly all as legitimate parts of &#8216;the people&#8217; to be reflected in politics.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>Zack Polanski’s “Eco-Populism”</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:514px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So now, let’s go back to what I mentioned earlier about Zak Polanski, deputy leader of the Green Party, and his idea of &#8216;<strong>eco-populism</strong>&#8216;. Essentially, it’s a vision that combines environmental policy with populist political strategy.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change now threatens the very survival of humanity. This is not a problem for just a few people, but a crisis confronting all of humankind.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Despite this, some people keep drilling for fossil fuels and cutting down forests just to protect their own interests—and they let the public stay hooked on meat. That’s why flipping the script on populism and <strong>connecting &#8216;the people&#8217; with care for the planet</strong> is such a clever way to drive real change.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>When people turn their backs on the reality of the climate crisis and choose actions that threaten the planet’s future, it feels deeply human to question whether they still represent &#8216;the people&#8217;. That’s why the seemingly anti-pluralist side of eco-populism may not be as misguided as it first appears.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>And if this movement can break down today’s unequal society—where some of the so-called &#8216;winners&#8217; seem to have lost the ability to imagine the pain of others—then that would be a truly wonderful thing.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>That’s it for today’s deep dive into Jan-Werner Müller’s <em>What is Populism?</em><br><br><br><br>Until next time,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/">ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</a></p>
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		<title>ポピュリズムの意味と問題点をわかりやすく解説｜ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー『What is Populism?』要約</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:50:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=21237</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[ポピュリズムとは何か？その特徴や民主主義への影響を、政治学者ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーの著書『What is Populism?』をもとに、わかりやすく解説します。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回の記事では、ドイツ出身の政治哲学者であり、政治思想史の専門家 <strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 <em><strong>&#8216;What is Populism?&#8217;</strong></em> を紹介していきます。<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/what-is-populism.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:218px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>&#8220;<strong>Populism</strong>&#8221; という言葉を個人的に初めて聞いたのは、確かブレクジットが起こった頃。<br><br><br>当時、右派の権力者たちは、緊縮政策などで労働者から富を吸い上げたあと、選挙で票を得るために、移民問題を持ち込むことで労働者階級を分断し、「私たちはあなたの味方ですよ」と言って一部を丸め込む。そんなナイジェル・ファラージのような手法を、僕は「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」だと理解していました。<br><br><br><br>しかしながら2025年、労働党まで右寄りになってしまった現在、労働者の利益のために左側にいるのは、もう事実上 Green Party しかいないと感じ、応援していたら、次期の党首になるために立ち上がった ザク・ポランスキーが、「私は、<strong>Eco Populist</strong> だ。」 なんて発言。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">彼の言っている政策は、完全に的を射ていると思いますが、&#8221;<strong>Populist</strong>&#8221; <strong>という言葉には、僕の頭の中には悪いイメージしかない</strong>&#8230; 。<br><br><br><br>というわけで、頭の中の混乱を解決させるために、この本を購入しました。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>内容は、歴史上の政治家や出来事がたくさん出てくるので少し難しく感じるところもありますが、それでも読み進めていくと、&#8221;populist&#8221; の定義がよく理解できます。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-6"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-6">目次</label>
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    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">具体的なポピュリストの例</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1"><strong>ヤン=ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんって何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/jan-werner-muller.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:331px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まずは著者の紹介から。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ドイツ出身の政治思想家・政治学者の、<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんは、現代ヨーロッパ政治思想、ポピュリズム、民主主義制度の解析において世界的に知られる学者で、 ”ガーディアン” 紙や ”ニューヨーク・タイムズ” 紙をはじめ、多数のメディアに寄稿しています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">主な著書には <em>&#8216;</em><strong><em>Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth‑Century Europe&#8217;</em></strong> や <em>&#8216;<strong>Democracy Rules</strong>&#8216;</em> などがあり、今回紹介する <em>&#8216;<strong>What Is Populism?</strong></em><strong><em>&#8216;</em> </strong>では、ポピュリズムがどのように民主主義を操作し、時に破壊的な結果を招くかが明確に説明されています。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"> <strong>ポピュリズムとは何か？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:510px;height:auto"/></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ニュースなどでよく耳にする言葉「<strong>ポピュリズム</strong>」<strong>ってそもそも何ぞや？</strong><br><br><br>&#8230; と思って、頭の中で整理しようとしても、自分の生活に脅威を与えそうな側が「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれる一方で、それに対抗する側まで「ポピュリスト」と呼ばれていたりする。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">自由主義派の人たちは、国民の感情に「外国人嫌い」を植え付けて、「外国人は出ていけ！」とナショナリズムを掲げることで、経済格差に不満を持っている国民を味方につけようとする一方で、国民の願いには意図的に応えようとせず、<strong>リベラル・テクノクラシー</strong>（技術官僚主義）による統治を押し進めようとします。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリズムは、そのような自由主義エリートによる政治が、民主主義から「国民」を遠ざけてしまっている現状に対する脅威として、また同時に、それを是正する手段としても捉えられいているようです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>結局のところ、民主主義の世界では、国のリーダーは国民の投票によって選ばれることになっているため、すべての政治家は「国民」に訴えかけようとし、できるだけ多くの市民に理解される物語を語ろうとします。</strong><br><br><br><br>こんな状態なので、「ポピュリズム」が民主主義の「友」であると同時に「敵」としても見なされているため、私たちはその定義づけの混乱に直面してしまっているというわけです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">特に「ポピュリズム」というものの捉え方は、アメリカとヨーロッパでは正反対なのでここで説明しておきます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">▪️<strong>アメリカ</strong><br>ポジティブなイメージを持っていて、「草の根運動（grassroots movement）」に象徴されるように、大企業や既得権益層に対抗する「一般市民の正義の声」、あるいは「底辺から政治に声を届けようとする運動」として理解されている。つまり、市民による「真の民主主義の実現を目指す動き」として評価されることが多い。<br><br><br>▪️<strong>ヨーロッパ</strong><br>ネガティブなイメージが強く、自由主義派のエリートたちのやり方は「国民の怒りを利用する政治」「現実を無視して、国民から票を得るために耳障りのいいことを言う無責任な政治」として、大衆迎合（デマゴーグ）的なものと見なされている。そのため、「民主主義の劣化を引き起こす脅威」として捉えられている。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>著者のヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラーによると、ポピュリズムの核心的主張は「<strong>道徳化された反多元主義 </strong>(<strong>anti-pluralism</strong>)」となります。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">噛み砕いて言えば、「共通善（common good）はただひとつしか存在せず、人民はそれを理解し、望むことができる。そして、政治家や政党がそれを明確に政策として実現できる」とする考え方です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>この主張を持たない政治家は、ポピュリストとは呼べません。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ポピュリストは常に「<strong>我々こそが唯一、真の国民を代表している</strong>」と主張し、異なる意見や少数派を「本物の国民ではない」として排除する傾向があります。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">こうした状況で、もしポピュリスト側の道徳観が歪んでいたり、国民が政治に無関心で「平和ボケ」しているような状態にあると、ただ怒りに任せて彼らの口車に乗ってしまい、結果的に痛い目に遭ってしまうというわけです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>悪く言えば、「ポピュリズム」とは、民主主義の本質である多様性や競争を否定し、民主主義の内部からそれを壊しかねない存在だと言うこともできます。</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"><strong>ポピュリストはどのように統治するのか？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/populist.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:481px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Megan-irfan</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">現在、世界中で多くの人々が民主主義を信じられなくなっているように思われます。<br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、それは民主主義そのものを嫌いになったからではなく、むしろ「新自由主義（＝消費社会による競争）」に染まった民主主義が、自分たちの味方ではないと感じているからです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリスト政権は、このような覇権的な自由主義に対抗するものとして、自らを多様性や少数派の権利を擁護する立場にあるかのように見せることができます。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">そして、自らの道徳観と国民の不満をうまく結びつけて、選挙で多数派の支持を集めます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>ポピュリストが政権を勝ち取ると、前に述べたように彼らは基本「<strong>反多元主義</strong>」なので、自分たちと異なる意見を持つものや少数派を排除していきます。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-13 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/bubble-00001-new.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">というわけで、ポピュリストたちはしばしばフランス革命期の急進的政治勢力であったジャコバン派の後継者と見なされています。</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>具体的にどんなことが起こるかというと&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">①&nbsp;<strong>行政権を強化する一方で、司法権を弱体化させる</strong><br><br>自派の人間を裁判所や検察に任命して、チェック機能をマヒさせて権力を集中させます。<br><br><br>②&nbsp;<strong>憲法を変更し、それを利用して既存の公職者を入れ替える</strong><br><br>「腐敗した旧体制の一掃」といった名目で、国家機構を自派で占拠していきます。<br><br><br>③&nbsp;<strong>政党や国家機関を「自分たちのもの」として私物化する。</strong><br><br>反対派を「非国民」「裏切り者」とレッテル貼りをしながら排除していきます。<br><br><br>④&nbsp;<strong>選挙の形式は維持されるが、中身は空っぽに。</strong><br><br>選挙制度は一見民主的に見えても、メディアの支配によって、反対する人たちには嫌がらせや圧力がかかります。最終的に選挙は本当の意味で「自由で公正」ではなくなり、見かけだけの民主主義へと変わっていきます。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>つまり、ポピュリストは民主的なルートで政権を取ったあと、その後は非民主的な手法で制度を破壊して、自らの支配を強化していくというわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">具体的なポピュリストの例</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/igor-omilaev.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:476px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by igor-omilaev</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">それではポピュリストの典型的な例を見ていきます。</p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇺🇸&nbsp;<strong>ドナルド</strong>・<strong>トランプ（アメリカ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、メディアや政敵である野党は、たとえ政府に批判的でも国の民主主義にとって大事な存在として見なされていたのに、トランプが自分に都合の悪い報道をするメディアを「フェイクニュース」と呼んだり、自分に反対する政治家を「反米」と攻撃するようになったため、国民の間で「何が事実か」の共通の認識が失われていった。<br><br>▫️本来なら「能力」や「実績」で選ばれるべき公務員や裁判官のポストに、「自分に忠実な人物」だけを選び、反対意見を言う人は、たとえ優秀な人でも排除。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️自分が選挙で負けそうになると、「不正があった」「選挙は操作されている」と繰り返し発言したり、証拠がなくても「相手は裏でズルをしている」と印象づけたりすることで、「民主主義の土台」である選挙の信頼を壊した。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇭🇺 ヴィクトル・オルバン (<strong>ハンガリー</strong>)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は&nbsp;メディアは政府に批判的なことも言えたが、彼が権力を握ると、政府の意向に沿わない新聞・テレビは買収され、閉鎖に追い込まれた。これにより、国民は本当に起きていることを知る機会が減り、情報が偏るハメになった。<br><br>▫️裁判所は政府の介入なしに判断することができたのだが、オルバン政権が自分に近い判事を大量に任命し、都合の悪い判決は出ないようにした。これによって司法の独立が失われ、 権力を持つ人がルールをねじ曲げても裁かれにくくなった。<br><br><br>▫️&nbsp;政府と違う意見を持つ人や少数派は、「裏切り者」「外国の手先」などと呼ばれるようになり、社会の分断が深まった。<br><br>▫️もともと、政権が交代すれば、ルールや制度も中立に戻る仕組みがあったのだが、憲法や選挙制度が変えられ、「政権交代が極めて起きにくい構造」になった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇵🇱 ヤロスワフ・カチンスキ (ポーランド)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️以前は、裁判所が政府の影響を受けずに判断することができたが、カチンスキが率いた&nbsp;PiS（法と正義）党が憲法裁判所などに自派の判事を任命し、法のルールを自分たちに都合よく変えられるようになった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと公共放送は比較的中立だったのに、カチンスキが権力を握って以来、公共テレビやラジオはPiSの主張を一方的に流すようになったため、野党や反対意見が国民に届きにくくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️すべての市民に一定の権利があったはずが、&nbsp;LGBTの人々や移民を「ポーランド文化を脅かす存在」と政府が公言し、国を分断した。（LGBTQ+ や移民への差別が公然と語られるようになった）<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇹🇷 レジェップ・エルドアン (トルコ)</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともとは議会制民主主義で、権力分立が機能していたが、エルドアンが国民投票で大統領権限を強化し、実質的に一人で決定できる体制にしてしまった。<br><br>▫️以前は、政府に批判的な言論も認められていたのだが、「テロとの戦い」の名目で、政権批判者が次々と拘束、または排除された。（→ 言論の自由が消滅に向かう）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️少数民族への一定の政治的配慮があったのに、クルド系政党や地方首長が逮捕されるなど、政府に従わない地域や民族は「反国家勢力」として扱われるようになった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇻🇪&nbsp;<strong>ウゴ・チャベス（ベネズエラ）</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️民主制度が存在していたが、チャベスが憲法を書き換え、裁判官・軍・行政を「忠誠」で固めた。（→ 国家＝チャベスになった）<br><br>▫️以前は、野党や独立メディアが活動できたのに、野党の資金源や放送局が次々と潰され、政権批判が困難な社会となり、多様な意見が国から消えていった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと限定的ではあったものの、貧困層への支援は存在していた。そこにチャベスは、自分への支持を得るために、国家主導の福祉拡大を掲げて貧困層に手厚い社会保障を約束。ところが石油頼みの経済運営だったので、価格が下がると一気に国が破綻してしまった。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🇳🇱 ヘルト・ウィルダース（オランダ）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">▫️もともと多文化主義に対する一定の尊重があったが、ウィルダースは「反イスラム」を掲げ、移民を「オランダの敵」とする発言を繰り返し、国民同士の対立を煽った。<br><br>▫️言論の自由が、以前は比較的安定していたのだが、自分への批判を「エリートの偏見」として攻撃し、メディア不信を煽り、国民が感情的な物語に流されやすくなった。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*彼は政権を正式に取っていないが、ポピュリストとして社会への影響力は大。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上のように、これらの例を見てもらえば、かなりの共通点があることが理解できると思います。<br><br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5"><strong>ポピュリズムには、どう対応したらいい？</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/markus-spiske.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-13" style="width:504px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by markus spiske</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">本の後半に行き着くと、民主主義とポピュリズムの主な違いが見えてきます。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">民主主義というのは、多数決で代表者を選び、その代表が取る行動が、必ずしも市民の多数が望んだものと一致するとは限らない、ということを前提としています。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>一方でポピュリズムは、「国民がそう望んだからだ」という理由で、ポピュリスト政権のどんな行動も疑問視してはならない、と訴えます。</strong><br><br><br><br>じゃあ、民主主義を守るために何ができるか？ってことになってくると思うので、本の内容からここにまとめておきます。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>🔹</strong> <strong>明確に距離を取り、民主主義の原則を守る立場から反論する</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストが差別的、または挑発的な発言をした時に、「まともに相手にする価値がない」と無視すると、被害者のふりをする材料にされる。<br><br>「移民が多すぎる！」と主張した時に、他の政党が「それも一理ある」と少し譲歩すると、「自分たちの言っていたことが正しかった」と見なされる。<br><br><br>👉&#8230; よって、無視したり、中途半端に受け入れることはNG。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹話し合いで分かり合えるという前提を捨て</strong>る</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは、自分たちの支持者だけを「国民」と考えているため、反対する人たちを「裏切り者」「非国民」「エリート」「外国の手先」などと呼んで国民扱いしない。<br><br>民主的な議論は、「相手の意見にも一理ある」という前提が必要ですが、ポピュリストは自分たち以外を正当な存在と認めないため、最初から反対意見に耳を傾ける気がない。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉&nbsp;ポピュリストに対しては「話し合いで分かり合える」という前提を捨てて、別のやり方が必要。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹民主主義の制度を守る</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">民主主義では、たとえ選挙で多数を取っても、少数派の意見や権利も守るという前提があるのに対して、ポピュリストは「自分たち＝国民全体」だと主張し、選挙で勝ったから何でもできる思っている。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">「反多元主義」であるポピュリストは、「反対派は敵」「異論は許されない」と主張するが、どんな政府も常に批判されるべき存在であり、異なる意見があるのが民主主義のはず。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 怒りや感情で対応せずに、ルールと手続きを尊重し続けて制度を壊されないように徹底的に守ることが大事。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong>🔹</strong>「批判だけ」ではダメ！</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">不満を抱えた市民は、「誰が悪いか」より「どうすれば良くなるか」が知りたいわけだから、ポピュリストを批判したところで、「対案」がないと、人々はポピュリストの方に希望を見出してしまう。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 人々の不安や怒りを真剣に聞く姿勢を見せて、ポピュリストよりも魅力的なビジョンを提示しなくてはならない。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><br><strong><strong>🔹</strong>「国民」という言葉を奪い返す</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ポピュリストは「国民＝自分たち」と定義しようとするが、現実の国民は、考え方・立場・生活環境がそれぞれ違う。<br><br>「国民＝ポピュリストの支持者」になってしまうと、反対意見が言いづらくなる社会になる。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">👉 民主主義の目的は、多くの声を調整し共に生きていくところにあるわけだから、国民は一つの声ではなく、少数派・貧困層・移民・若者・高齢者すべての声を「国民の声」として扱って政治に反映させていく。<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6">ザク・ポランスキーの「エコ・ポピュリズム」</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="420" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-21259" style="width:506px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren.jpg 800w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-300x158.jpg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/warren-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ここで、冒頭で述べた、ザク・ポランスキー（グリーン党副党首）が掲げる「<strong>エコ・ポピュリズム</strong>」の話に戻りますが、言うなればこれは環境政策とポピュリズム的戦略を組み合わせたビジョン。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">現在、気候変動によって人類の存続そのものが脅かされています。これは一部の人間の問題ではなく、人類全体の問題です。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>それにもかかわらず、いまだに一部の人々は自分たちの利益のために化石燃料の採掘をやめず、国民を「肉中毒」にさせたまま森林伐採を続けています。こうした行動を止めるために、「ポピュリズム」という概念を逆手に取り、<strong>「国民」というアイデンティティを環境への共感と結びつけてマスムーブメントを起こす</strong>という発想は、非常に賢いアイデアだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>気候危機の現実に目を向けず、地球の未来を危険にさらすような行為をする人たちは、もはや「国民」とは呼べない——そう考えるのは、人間としてごく自然な感覚です。だからこそ、このエコ・ポピュリズムの持つ「反多元主義的」な側面は、間違いとは言えません。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そしてもしこのムーブメントによって、たまたま勝者になった一部の人たちが、他者の痛みを想像する力を失ってしまったような今の格差社会を打ち壊せるのであれば、それはとても素晴らしいことだと思います。<br><br></p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>以上、今回は<strong>ヤン＝ヴェルナー・ミュラー</strong>さんによる著書 &#8220;<strong>What is Populism?</strong>&#8221; についてでした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/what-is-populism-english/">What Is Populism? A Simple Guide Based on Jan-Werner Müller’s Book</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Who Rules the World? Summary &#038; Key Takeaways from Noam Chomsky’s Book</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 20:39:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20753</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[What’s really behind U.S. power? Here’s a quick look at Chomsky’s take in Who Rules the World?]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br><br><br><br>The book I’m introducing today is <em>&#8220;<strong>Who Rules the World</strong>&#8220;</em>, written by <strong>Noam Chomsky</strong>, the famous American thinker known for his work in politics, language, and academia.<br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="425" height="627" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20194" style="width:215px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg 425w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1-203x300.jpg 203w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I picked up this book after seeing it quoted in the introduction of <em>&#8220;<a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/how-they-broke-britain/">How They Broke Britain</a>&#8220;</em> by LBC radio host James O&#8217;Brien.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On top of that, Chomsky’s name keeps coming up on the political YouTube channels I watch, so I’ve been wanting to read one of his books for a while.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Noam Chomsky’s book <em>&#8220;Who Rules the World?&#8221;</em> reveals the policies and actions of the US government, and due to America’s strong influence in regions like the Middle East, including Israel, the book is reportedly restricted or banned in some areas.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you want to understand how the United States has built systems behind the scenes to control other countries, this book is a perfect read.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-7"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-7">目次</label>
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    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">The US Truly Believes It Owns the World</a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">A Case from the Republican Party</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">A Case from the Democratic Party</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">Is Democracy Inconvenient for the US?</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">How the US Applies a Double Standard on Palestine</a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>The Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>The Oslo Accords</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0"><strong>The PLO, the PA, and Hamas</strong></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">Wrapping Up</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">The US Truly Believes It Owns the World</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="387" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20604" style="width:420px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by jakob-owens</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>&#8220;The right to dominate is a leading principle of US foreign policy found almost everywhere, though typically concealed in defensive terms&#8221; </em> <br>(A quote from Chapter 8)<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Reading this book by Chomsky helps you understand that US policy, regardless of whether it&#8217;s led by Democrats or Republicans, is driven by an almost pathological obsession with the idea that <strong>they have the right to rule the world</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I used to think that Democratic leaders, including President Obama, had at least a bit more moral conscience than their Republican counterparts. But in reality, they’ve done equally—if not moreーruthless things.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">No matter which party holds power—the Democrats or the Republicans—it&#8217;s clear that the US has consistently intervened in regions around the world to prioritise its own interests in terms of resources, military, and economy.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>Here are a few examples&#8230;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">A Case from the Republican Party</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20610" style="width:432px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Richard Nixon</strong> (1969–1974)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During the Cold War, Nixon focused heavily on preventing the spread of communism.<br><br>One of the most striking examples was in Chile, where socialist president Salvador Allende won a democratic election and began nationalising mines, banks, and key industries. <br><br>This alarmed the US, which feared a threat to its own economic interests. Nixon’s administration backed the opposition and supported a CIA-led plan for a military coup—eventually leading to the rise of General Pinochet’s dictatorship.<br><br><br>During the Vietnam War, the US essentially treated democracy as a dangerous contagion—especially when it emerged in places not aligned with American interests. <br><br>Fearing that the &#8216;virus&#8217; might spread, they launched secret bombing campaigns in Cambodia and Laos—countries not directly involved in the war—as a kind of political &#8216;inoculation&#8217;. Countless civilians were killed in the process.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Ronald Regan</strong>（1981-1989）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Like other Cold War-era presidents, Reagan claimed to be defending democracy—but what that actually meant was keeping authoritarian regimes in power across Central and South America.<br><br><br>In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) overthrew a dictatorship in Nicaragua and established a leftist, socialist-leaning government that pushed for land reform and anti-poverty programs. Reagan, seeing this as a threat, supported the Contra rebels who aimed to topple the Sandinistas.<br><br>Even though the Contras were known for serious human rights abuses, including massacres of civilians, the Reagan administration defended them as &#8216;freedom fighters&#8217;.<br><br><br>Similarly, the US backed a brutal military regime in El Salvador and turned a blind eye to civilian killings. In Guatemala, the Reagan administration praised a military dictatorship as a &#8216;leader of democracy&#8217;, despite its role in the slaughter of around 150,000 Indigenous Maya people.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>George W. Bush</strong> (2001–2009)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">George W. Bush is best known as the US President during the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.<br><br>After accusing the Taliban of sheltering Osama bin Laden, the US invaded Afghanistan. Bin Laden, however, escaped, and the war resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians.<br><br><br>In Iraq, Bush claimed that Saddam Hussein&#8217;s regime possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and could provide them to terrorists. Despite lacking concrete evidence, the US went to war. It was later revealed that there were no WMDs, leaving Iraq devastated and without any meaningful post-war support.<br><br><br>Regarding Palestine, Bush signed a $30 billion, 10-year military aid deal with Israel, enabling it to enhance its military capabilities with fighter jets and missile defense systems, further intensifying pressure on the Palestinian territories.<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">A Case from the Democratic Party</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20611" style="width:450px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>John F. Kennedy</strong> (1961–1963) </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">John F. Kennedy became president shortly after Fidel Castro successfully led a revolution in Cuba, overthrowing a pro-American dictator.<br><br><br>Due to Castro’s growing ties with the Soviet Union, Kennedy authorised a CIA-backed plan originally developed under President Eisenhower, in which Cuban exiles were trained to invade Cuba and topple Castro’s regime. (The mission ultimately failed.)<br><br><br>Kennedy also escalated US involvement in the Vietnam War, laying the groundwork for deeper American entanglement in the conflict.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Bill Clinton</strong> (1993–2001)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, ethnic Albanian armed groups clashed with Serbian forces over Kosovo’s independence. In response, Clinton launched a &#8220;humanitarian intervention&#8221; and authorised NATO airstrikes on Serbia without UN approval. These bombings resulted in a large number of civilian casualties.<br><br><br>Clinton also maintained the devastating economic sanctions against Iraq originally imposed by George H. W. Bush. These sanctions contributed to the deaths of over 500,000 Iraqi children—a tragedy his administration notoriously defended as an acceptable price to pay.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>Barack Obama</strong> (2009–2017)</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Despite his image as a peace-driven leader—and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate—Barack Obama’s administration oversaw <strong>a dramatic expansion of military interventions</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2011, inspired by the Arab Spring—a wave of pro-democracy movements across North Africa—a popular uprising broke out in Libya, where freedom of speech was heavily suppressed under Muammar Gaddafi’s dictatorship. <br><br>When Gaddafi responded with violent repression, the US under Obama—along with France and the UK—launched NATO airstrikes, citing a &#8216;humanitarian intervention&#8217;. Gaddafi was overthrown, but—as with the Kosovo bombings under Clinton or the Iraq War under George W. Bush—there was no serious post-conflict planning.<br><br><br>As a result, Libya descended into civil war, with armed groups taking control and widespread human trafficking becoming rampant—turning the country into a failed state.<br><br><br>President Obama also significantly escalated the use of drone strikes, which were often carried out indiscriminately. As a result, many civilians were killed in countries such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia.<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hence, as the examples above illustrate, this has little to do with whether Republicans or Democrats are in power.</strong><br><br><br><br>As mentioned earlier, the US government fundamentally operates on the principle that&#8230;<br><br> &#8216;<strong>the world is, in effect, America&#8217;s property, and that this is a natural and unquestionable right</strong>&#8216;. <br><br><br><br>From this perspective, the large-scale use of American military force around the world is entirely justified. Since the US sees itself as an inherent force for &#8220;good&#8221;, any resistance to its dominance is automatically framed as &#8216;evil&#8217;.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">Is Democracy Inconvenient for the US?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20605" style="width:464px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Image by Herney</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As discussed in the previous section, the US has actively worked to suppress the growth of democracy in other nations, using military force, economic pressure, and diplomatic interference.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the root of this lies a mindset similar to that of the former British Empire’s colonialism&#8230;<br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>a structure in which resources are extracted from other countries, turned into products using domestic technology, and then sold back to those same countries for maximum profit.</strong></h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>American corporations have expanded into resource-rich regions such as South America and the Middle East, exploiting resources like oil, minerals, and agricultural products.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">But when democratic governments take power, they tend to put their people&#8217;s needs first, and that can hinder the dominance of American corporations.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>To prevent such outcomes, the US government has supported authoritarian regimes and removed unfavorable governments through military coups and covert operations.<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹Examples of U.S. Government Covert Operations</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One particularly memorable example of covert operations is the story told by Alfredo Vásquez Carrizosa, who served as Colombia’s foreign minister in the 1970s.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to him, the &#8216;National Security Doctrine&#8217; introduced by the Kennedy administration in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Colombia transformed regular domestic armies into counterinsurgency forces and gave the military the authority to fight and eliminate so-called &#8216;internal enemies&#8217;.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term &#8216;enemy&#8217; referred to individuals such as <strong>social workers</strong>, <strong>labour union members</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>ordinary citizens who refused to conform to the regime</strong>. <br><br>Vásquez Carrizosa, a prominent human rights advocate, reported that even he feared for his life under such conditions.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">These operations were carried out covertly through the CIA and military advisers, leaving little trace in official records, which allowed the U.S. government to publicly deny any involvement.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹The US Helped Create the Terrorists</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Noam Chomsky argues that US foreign policy and military actions have fueled anti-American sentiment and, as a result, contributed to the emergence of new terrorist organisations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>For example, as mentioned earlier, during the presidency of George W. Bush, the United States invaded Iraq on the suspicion that it possessed weapons of mass destruction. The Saddam Hussein regime was overthrown, but the country fell into a state of anarchy.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This led to a rise in anti-American sentiment, and some former members of Hussein’s military and Sunni factions became armed anti-American groups. As is well known, this eventually resulted in the emergence of the international terrorist organisation <strong>ISIS</strong> (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria).<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Furthermore, <strong>the expansion of indiscriminate drone attacks during the Obama administration</strong> has also played a role in the creation of new terrorists.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While the targets are labeled as &#8216;terrorists&#8217;, many innocent civilians, including villagers and children, are often caught in the crossfire. In one report, it was revealed that in Pakistan, when the US targeted Taliban and al-Qaeda members, <strong>28 civilians were killed for every one target eliminated</strong>.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These drone strikes have targeted events such as weddings and village meetings, so it’s no surprise that grieving families and ordinary civilians begin to see America as their enemy.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">As a result, a cycle is created in which <strong>young people are recruited by extremist groups and join terrorist organisations out of a desire for revenge.</strong></h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">How the US Applies a Double Standard on Palestine</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20606" style="width:470px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by hosnysalah</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The topic of Palestine comes up frequently throughout the book. Chomsky strongly criticises the United States for using ideals like &#8216;human rights&#8217; and &#8216;democracy&#8217; as tools to justify foreign interventions, while actually manipulating those ideals to fit its own selfish goals.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The United States criticises human rights violations when they are committed by its adversaries, but supports or overlooks the same actions when they are carried out by its allies. (This is a clear double standard!)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>So in the end,<strong> it’s clear that the United States has continually backed Israel, no matter the circumstances</strong>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Despite violating international law, Israel&#8217;s settlement activities have continued for decades, gradually encroaching on Palestinian land. While the United States expresses concern on the surface, it continues to support Israel through military and diplomatic aid. <br><br>(A film <em>&#8216;No Other Land&#8217;</em> is a recommended documentary on this topic.)<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>The Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="428" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png" alt="" class="wp-image-20688" style="width:384px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map-300x252.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Before we move on, let&#8217;s quickly go over the history of how Palestine became divided into the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">① Before the establishment of Israel in 1948, the region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled since the 16th century and was known for its tolerance towards different ethnic and religious groups. Arabs (mostly Muslims), along with Christians and Jews, lived together in the same area.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">② However, during World War I, Britain made two conflicting promises: it pledged to support the creation of an independent Arab state in return for Arab opposition to the Ottoman Empire, while also promising the Jewish people a &#8216;national homeland&#8217; in the same region as a way to gain financial and political support. These contradictory commitments were clearly incompatible.<br><br><br><br>③ After the war, Britain, as one of the victorious nations, was granted a mandate by the League of Nations to govern Palestine. During this time, many Jews who were being persecuted in Europe began immigrating to Palestine, inspired by the ideals of the Zionist movement.<br><br><br><br>④ As a result, tensions rose between the Arab and Jewish communities. Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain control, so the issue was handed over to the United Nations, which proposed a<strong> partition plan for Palestine</strong> in 1947.<br><br><br><br>⑤ However, just before the end of British rule in 1948, <strong>Israel unilaterally declared its independence</strong>.<br><br><br><br>⑥ This prompted military intervention by surrounding Arab nations—including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq—and triggered the <strong>First Arab-Israeli War</strong>.<br><br><br><br>⑦ The outcome was that Egypt occupied the <strong>Gaza Strip</strong> and Jordan took control of the <strong>West Bank</strong>, causing many Palestinians to become refugees.<br><br><br><br>⑧ Following the outbreak of the Third Arab-Israeli War in 1967,<strong> Israel seized control of both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank</strong>, placing both territories under Israeli military occupation.<br><br><br><br>⑨ In 1993, with the involvement of the United States, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Oslo Accords</strong> were established, creating a framework aimed at achieving Palestinian autonomy.<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7"><strong>The Oslo Accords</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="272" height="185" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/wiki.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20615" style="width:328px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat<br>image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Oslo Accords, with Bill Clinton standing behind both leaders, arms spread wide as if to declare the US a peacemaker to the world, appeared to be a peace framework. <br><br><strong>But Chomsky sees it</strong> <strong>not as the end of the occupation, but as a new way to maintain Israeli control over the territories</strong>.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">In <em>Who Rules the World?</em>, Chomsky points out that the Oslo Accords did not include any concrete plan for the creation of a future Palestinian state, effectively leaving space for Israel to expand its settlements and construct barriers. He harshly criticises the accelerated expansion of Jewish settlements in the West Bank after the accords, which he says took place with the silent approval of the United States.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Looking at the current situation in Palestine, it’s pretty obvious that while the U.S. claims to be a mediator, it has consistently acted in favor of Israel—just like Chomsky says.<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8"><strong>The PLO, the PA, and Hamas</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="341" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20693" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics-300x201.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by DEZALB</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I’d like to take this opportunity to go over the political situation in Palestine here.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️<strong> PLO</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a coalition of various Palestinian groups, established in 1964. It was led by Chairman Yasser Arafat, who famously shook hands with the Israeli representative during the Oslo Accords.<br><br><br>The PLO is officially recognised by the international community as <strong>the representative body of the Palestinian people</strong> and primarily handles diplomatic negotiations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Fatah</strong>, the political party founded by Arafat, holds the leading position within the PLO.<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️<strong> PA</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Palestinian Authority (PA), which was established in 1993 under the Oslo Accords, serves as a provisional self-governing body within the framework of the PLO.<br><br><br>It was created through negotiations between the PLO and Israel, as part of a framework to make the West Bank and Gaza Strip the foundation for a future Palestinian state.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, after the victory of the Islamist political party Hamas in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, a serious political and military conflict broke out between Hamas and the Fatah-led PA. As a result, <strong>the PA now governs only the West Bank</strong>.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">While many members of Fatah are Muslims, the party emphasises Palestinian national independence and self-governance rather than religious-based politics. In contrast, Hamas has a clear ideological goal of establishing an Islamic state based on the teachings of Islam.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ <strong>Hamas</strong></h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Hamas is an Islamist organization founded in 1987. It strongly criticises the peace process with Israel and advocates for armed resistance. <br><br><br>After winning the 2006 parliamentary elections, <strong>Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip</strong> following a conflict with the Palestinian Authority and now effectively governs the area.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the West, including the US and EU, Hamas is classified as a terrorist group.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*The ongoing division of Palestinian political parties since 2007 has been advantageous for Israel, allowing the country to prolong peace negotiations by claiming that there is no unified government and it is unclear who they should negotiate with.<br><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">Wrapping Up</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="298" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20716" style="width:476px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary-300x175.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Military_Material</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From Chomsky&#8217;s book, we can see that the &#8216;freedom&#8217; and &#8216;democracy&#8217; that the United States promote are, in reality, used selectively to serve its own interests.<br><br><br>On the surface, the United States acts as a leader in maintaining global order and peace, but behind the scenes, it suppresses people&#8217;s voices through violence, intervention, and silence.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>People like us living in developed countries tend to be less concerned about what’s happening in developing nations, often viewing events in places like Palestine or other countries as&#8230;<br><br>&#8220;stories happening far away in the world&#8221;. <br><br><br>As a result, we fail to realise that the things we casually use and the conveniences we enjoy are built at the expense of people in those distant countries.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I believe this is the moment for us to reconsider our place in the world and the principles we live by.<br><br><br><br><br>Thank you for reading all the way to the end. <br><br><br><br>Until next time.<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world/">チョムスキーが暴く、アメリカの世界支配の実態</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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		<item>
		<title>チョムスキーが暴く、アメリカの世界支配の実態</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2025 09:18:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[洋書レビュー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20192</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[アメリカは「世界の警察」ではなく、世界を自国の所有物のように扱っている。チョムスキーさんの鋭い分析から、その構造と矛盾が浮かび上がります。]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>) と申します。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>今回紹介する洋書は、世界的に知られるアメリカ出身の政治哲学者、言語学者、そして大学の教授でもある<strong>ノーム・チョムスキー</strong>さんによる <em>“<strong>Who rules the World</strong>“</em> です。<br><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="425" height="627" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20194" style="width:215px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1.jpg 425w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/who-rules-the-world-1-203x300.jpg 203w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from Amazon.co.uk</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>僕がこの書籍を手に取ったのは、LBCラジオ局のプレゼンターであるジェームズ・オブライエンさんの著書 <em>&#8220;<a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/how-they-broke-britain/">How They Broke Britain</a>&#8220;</em> のイントロで引用されていたことがきっかけ。<br><br><br>さらに、政治関連のYouTubeチャンネルを聴いていると、Chomskyさんの名前が必ず出てくるので、いつか必ず読んでみたいと思っていました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Chomskyさんの著書 <em>&#8220;Who Rules the World?&#8221;</em> は、アメリカ政府がこれまで行ってきた政策や行動を暴露しており、特に中東のイスラエルを含む国々では、アメリカの影響力が強く及んでいるため、販売が制限されていることもあるようです。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アメリカが裏でどのような仕組みを作り、他国をコントロールしてきたのかを知りたいのであれば、この本は最適な書籍です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-8"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-8">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">アメリカは、本気で世界が自分たちの所有物だと思っている</a><ul><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0">共和党の例</a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0"> 民主党の例</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc4" tabindex="0">民主主義は都合が悪い？</a></li><li><a href="#toc5" tabindex="0">パレスチナ問題とアメリカの二重基準</a><ul><li><a href="#toc6" tabindex="0"><strong>ガザ地区（Gaza Strip）とヨルダン川西岸（West Bank）</strong>&nbsp;</a></li><li><a href="#toc7" tabindex="0"><strong>オスロ合意</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc8" tabindex="0">PLOとPA、そしてHamas</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#toc9" tabindex="0">まとめ</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">アメリカは、本気で世界が自分たちの所有物だと思っている</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="387" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20604" style="width:420px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/jakob-owens-300x228.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by jakob-owens</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><em>&#8220;The right to dominate is a leading principle of U.S. foreign policy found almost everywhere, though typically concealed in defensive terms&#8221; </em> 「第8章からの引用」<br><br><br><br>チョムスキーさんのこの本を読むと、アメリカという国の政策が、民主党・共和党の違いに関係なく、病気レベルで「<strong>自分たちが世界を支配する権利がある</strong>」という固執した考えに基づいていることが、理解できます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>僕は、オバマ大統領をはじめとする民主党のリーダーたちの方が、共和党のリーダーよりも多少は道徳的な良心を持っていそうなイメージを持っていたのですが、実際はまったくそんなことはなく、冷酷極まりないことばかりやっています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">民主党・共和党のどちらが政権を握ろうとも、アメリカは世界のあらゆる地域に介入して、資源・軍事・経済の面で自国の利益を優先し続けてきたことが分かります。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>ここでいくつかの例を挙げておきますと&#8230;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2">共和党の例</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="339" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20610" style="width:424px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>リチャード・ニクソン</strong>（1969-1974）<br><br>冷戦時代に、共産主義の拡大を防ぐことを最優先する政策をとってきた大統領。<br><br><br>特にチリの社会主義者、サルバドール・アジェンデが選挙で勝利し、鉱山や銀行、主要産業の国有化を進めて社会福祉を強化すると、「これじゃアメリカの利益が損なわれてしまう」ってことで、反アジェンデ側につき、CIAを通じてクーデター計画を支援。結局ピノチェト軍事独裁政権を誕生させてしまいました。<br><br><br>ベトナム戦争の際にも、基本的に「民主主義はアメリカに都合の悪い伝染病」と考えているので、ベトナム戦争に直接関与していないカンボジアとラオスを、予防接種として秘密裏に爆撃を行い、多くの民間人が犠牲になりました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>ロナルド・レーガン</strong>（1981-1989）<br><br>こちらのリーダーも、冷戦時代に「民主主義防衛」を掲げて、中央アメリカや南アメリカでの独裁政権キープのために力を注ぎました。<br><br><br>1979年に中央アメリカのニカラグアで、サンディニスタ民族解放戦線 (FSLN) が当時の独裁政権を破って、社会主義的な左派政権を樹立し、農地改革や貧困対策を進めました。これに対してレーガンは、サンディニスタ政権を転覆させるために、反政府武装勢力 (コントラ) を支援。<br><br>コントラが、民間人虐殺などの人権侵害を繰り返すのに対し、レーガン政権は、彼らを「自由の戦士」として擁護し続けました。<br><br><br>同じような内容で、エルサルバドルでは軍事政権を支援し、民間人虐殺を黙認。さらにグアテマラでも軍事独裁政権を「民主主義の指導者」と称賛して擁護し、約15万人ものマヤ系先住民の虐殺に加担しました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><strong>ジョージ・W・ブッシュ</strong>（2001-2009）<br><br>ジョージ・W・ブッシュと言えば、2001年9月11日に起こった同時多発テロ時の大統領。<br><br><br>アフガニスタンのタリバン政権が、アルカイダの指導者ウサマ・ビン・ラディンをかくまっているとして、アフガニスタンに侵攻。結局、ビン・ラディンは逃げ延び、多くの民間人が犠牲となり、死者は数十万人にも上りました。<br><br><br>イラク侵攻では、サダム・フセイン政権が「大量破壊兵器」を保有し、テロリストに提供する危険があると主張して、証拠もないのに強引に開戦。戦争後は、結局「大量破壊兵器は存在しなかった」ことがわかり、国をボロボロにしただけで、アフターケアもなし。<br><br><br>パレスチナ関連では、イスラエルへの軍事支援として300億ドルの10年間契約を締結し、これによってイスラエルでは戦闘機やミサイル防衛システムの導入などが進んで、パレスチナ問題への圧力を強めました。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3"> 民主党の例</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="351" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20611" style="width:452px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/kelly-sikkema-02-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by kelly-sikkema</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>ジョン・F・ケネディ</strong>（1961-1963）<br><br>彼が大統領になる少し前に、キューバでフィデル・カストロが革命を起こし、アメリカ寄りの独裁者を追放するのに成功しています。&nbsp;<br><br>このカストロが、ソ連との関係を深めていったために、前任者のアイゼンハワー政権の時に計画された、亡命キューバ人を訓練してキューバに上陸させてカストロ政権を転覆させようという案を実行。（結局失敗）</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">あと、ベトナム戦争ではアメリカの関与を拡大し、戦争の泥沼化を促進させました。<br><br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>ビル・クリントン</strong>（1993-2001）<br><br>ユーゴスラビア崩壊後、セルビアからのコソボ独立を求めて、アルバニア系武装組織がセルビア軍と衝突していたのですが、これに対してクリントンは「人道的介入」を掲げて、国連の承認なしにNATO軍を使い、セルビアを空爆。民間人が多数犠牲になりました。<br><br><br>また、ジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ（ジョージ・W・ブッシュの親父）がイラクのサダム・フセイン政権に対して行っていた経済制裁を継続し、その結果、50万人以上のイラクの子どもを死亡させた際に、「その犠牲は正当化できる」なんて発言もしています。<br><br><br><br><br><strong>バラク・オバマ</strong>（2009-2017）<br><br>「平和主義者」「戦争を終わらせる大統領」のイメージで2009年にノーベル平和賞まで受賞していますが、<strong>実際には戦争や軍事介入を大幅に拡大</strong>させています。<br><br><br>2011年、北アフリカで起こった民主化運動「アラブの春」の影響を受けて、言論の自由も制限されていたリビアで反政府デモが発生しました。<br><br>カダフィ独裁政権がこれを武力で弾圧すると、オバマ政権はフランスやイギリスとともに「人道的介入」を名目にNATOによる空爆を実施し、カダフィを排除。しかし、クリントンのコソボ空爆やジョージ・ブッシュのイラク侵攻の時と同じで、介入後にアフターケアをしないので、国は内戦状態に。現在でも武装勢力が支配し、人身売買が横行する「破綻国家」となってしまっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">またオバマ大統領は、ドローン攻撃を大幅に増加させ、それを使って無差別に攻撃するので、パキスタン、イエメン、ソマリアなどで多数の一般市民の犠牲者を出しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><strong>というわけで、上の例からも理解できるように、共和党も民主党も関係ないです。</strong><br><br><br><br>先ほども述べましたが、アメリカ政府は基本的な原則として、「<strong>世界は事実上アメリカの所有物であり、それは当然の権利である</strong>」と考えているので、アメリカにとってアメリカが世界中で大規模な攻撃的軍事力を行使するのはまったく正当なことであり、アメリカ自体が本質的に「善の力」なので、他の国々がそれを邪魔する行為はすべて「悪」とみなされるわけです。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc4">民主主義は都合が悪い？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="338" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20605" style="width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Herney-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Image by Herney</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">上のセクションでも触れたように、アメリカは、軍事・経済・外交のあらゆる手段を駆使して、他国の民主主義の発展を妨害してきました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">その根底にあるのは、かつての大英帝国の植民地主義と同様の発想で、</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>他国から資源を搾取し、それを利用して自国の技術を駆使して製品を生みだし、それらを再び他国に売りつけて利益を最大化する</strong>&nbsp;</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>という構造です。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>アメリカの企業は南アメリカや中東などの資源が豊富な地域に進出して、石油や鉱物、農産物などの資源を搾取してきました。</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">しかし、そこで民主的な政権が誕生してしまうと、国民の利益が優先されてしまうので、アメリカ企業の支配に歯止めがかかってしまいます。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>そうならないためにも、アメリカ政府は独裁政権を支持し、軍事クーデターや秘密工作を通じて、自国にとって都合の悪い政府を排除してきたというわけです。<br><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹アメリカ政府による秘密工作の例</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">秘密工作の例で、特に印象に残っているのが、1970年代にコロンビアの外務大臣を務めたアルフレド・バスケス・カリソサ氏の話。<br><br><br>彼によると、ケネディ政権がブラジル、アルゼンチン、ウルグアイ、そしてコロンビアに導入した「国家安全保障ドクトリン」は、国内の通常の軍隊を対反乱部隊へと変貌させて、軍に「国内の敵」と戦い、抹殺する権利を与えるものだったとのこと。<br><br><br>そして、その「敵」とは<strong>社会福祉活動家、労働組合員、体制に従わない一般市民</strong>を指し、人権活動家であるアルフレド氏自身も命の危険を感じていたと言います。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">こういった作戦は、CIAや軍事顧問団を通じて秘密裏に実施され、公式な記録にはほとんど残らないので、アメリカ政府も表向きは関与を否定することが可能だったというわけです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">🔹テロリストはアメリカが作っている</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">チョムスキーさんは、アメリカの外交政策や軍事行動が、反米感情を高め、結果として新たなテロ組織を生み出していると述べています。<br><br><br>例えば、前にも述べたように、ジョージ・W・ブッシュ大統領の時代に、アメリカは、イラクが大量破壊兵器を保持しているという疑いがあるとしてイラクに侵攻し、サダム・フセイン政権を崩壊させましたが、その結果、国が無政府状態になってしまいました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">これによって国民の反米感情が高まって、旧フセイン政権の軍人やスンニ派勢力の一部が反米武装勢力となり、結果として国際的なテロ組織 &#8220;<strong>ISIS</strong>(Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)&#8221; <strong>が誕生</strong>したのはよく知られています。<br><br><br><br>それと、<strong>オバマ大統領が拡大した無差別ドローン攻撃</strong>も、テロリストが生まれる原因となっています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ドローン攻撃の標的は「テロリスト」とされていますが、村人や子供が巻き添えを喰らうケースがかなり多く、パキスタンでタリバン・アルカイダを標的にした際には、<strong>1人のターゲットを殺すために28人の民間人が殺害</strong>されたと報告されています。<br><br><br><br>結婚式や村の集会まで平気で誤爆するので、遺族や地元の一般市民が「アメリカは敵だ」と考えるようになるのは当然です。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">その結果、「<strong>若者が過激派にリクルートされ、復讐のためにテロ組織に参加</strong>」というサイクルが生まれてしまうわけです。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc5">パレスチナ問題とアメリカの二重基準</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="340" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20606" style="width:468px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hosnysalah-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by hosnysalah</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">パレスチナに関する内容はこの本の中で頻繁に出てきますが、チョムスキーさんは、アメリカは「人権」や「民主主義」を掲げて他国に介入しているように見せながら、それらを自分の国に都合のいいように利用してきていると強烈に批判しています。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">アメリカは、自国にとって敵対する国が人権を侵害するような行為をとれば批判し、逆に同盟国が同じ行為をしても、それを支持、または容認します。(二重基準)</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>というわけで、結局アメリカは<strong>一貫してイスラエルの立場を擁護</strong>してきているわけです。<br><br><br><br>国際法に違反しているにもかかわらず、イスラエルの入植活動は何十年も続いており、パレスチナの土地を徐々に侵食しています。このような行為に対して、アメリカは表面的には懸念を示しますが、実際のところは軍事支援や外交支援を通じてイスラエルをサポートしています。(映画 No Other Land を観てください。）<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc6"><strong>ガザ地区（Gaza Strip）とヨルダン川西岸（West Bank）</strong>&nbsp;</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="428" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png" alt="" class="wp-image-20688" style="width:380px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map.png 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Israel_and_occupied_territories_map-300x252.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ここで少し復習を兼ねて、パレスチナがどのような経緯で「ガザ地区」と「ヨルダン川西岸」の２つの領域に分かれることになったのかを見ていきます。<br><br><br><br><br><br>① まず、イスラエルが1948年に建国される前はどういう状態だったかというと、この地域は16世紀に建国されて以来、他の民族や宗教にも寛大なオスマン帝国が支配していて、主にアラブ人（ムスリム）、そしてキリスト教徒やユダヤ人もいっしょに住んでいました。<br><br><br><br>② ところが、第一次世界大戦中にイギリスは、オスマン帝国と敵対していたアラブ人に「アラブ独立国家」を約束する一方で、戦費を得る目的もあり、ユダヤ人にはこの地域に「国家的郷土」を築くことを約束しました。これは明らかに矛盾した二重の約束でした。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>③ 戦後、勝利国となったイギリスは国際連盟からパレスチナの委任統治権を得ます。その間、ヨーロッパで迫害されていたユダヤ人たちが、シオニズム運動の影響もありパレスチナに移住してきました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>④ これによってアラブ人住民と、ユダヤ人住民との間で対立が起こり、イギリスが統治を続けられなくなったため、問題を国連に委ね、1947年に国連によって<strong>パレスチナ分割案</strong>が出されます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>⑤ ところが1948年、イギリスの統治終了直前に<strong>イスラエルが一方的に建国宣言</strong>。<br><br><br><br>⑥ これによって、周辺のアラブ諸国（エジプト、ヨルダン、シリア、イラクなど）が軍事介入してきて、 <strong>第一次中東戦争</strong>が勃発。<br><br><br><br>⑦ 結果、エジプトが<strong>ガザ地区、</strong>ヨルダンが<strong>ヨルダン川西岸</strong>を占領して、多くのパレスチナ人が難民となってしまいます。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">⑧ その後1967年の第3次中東戦争で、<strong>イスラエルがガザ地区と西岸地区を軍事的に占領</strong>し、両地域ともイスラエルの支配下に置かれることに。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">⑨ 1993年、アメリカが入ってきて、<strong>オスロ合意</strong>によってパレスチナ人の自治を目指す枠組みがスタートされます。<br><br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc7"><strong>オスロ合意</strong></span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="272" height="185" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/wiki.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20615" style="width:320px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">イスラエルのイツハク・ラビン首相（左）とパレスチナ解放機構（PLO）のヤーセル・アラファト議長 image taken from Wikipedia</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>このビル・クリントンが両国の代表の後ろで両手を広げ、「アメリカこそ平和の仲介者ですよ〜」と世界にアピールしているような、まるで「平和の枠組み」に見える<strong>オスロ合意は、実は</strong>「<strong>占領の終わり</strong>」<strong>ではなく</strong>、「<strong>イスラエルによる占領を新しい形で維持するための枠組み</strong>」<strong>だった</strong>、とチョムスキーさんは見ています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">彼は『Who Rules the World?』の中で、オスロ合意には将来の「パレスチナ国家」樹立についての具体的な内容が含まれていなく、結果的にイスラエルが入植地の拡大や壁の建設を進める隙を与えていたと指摘しています。特にヨルダン川西岸では、オスロ合意後、アメリカの黙認のもとでユダヤ人による入植が加速したとして、強く批判しています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>今現在のパレスチナの状況を見れば、チョムスキーさんが言うように、アメリカが仲介者という立場をとりながら、常にイスラエル寄りの立場で交渉を進めていたのは明らかですよね。<br></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc8">PLOとPA、そしてHamas</span></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="341" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20693" style="width:428px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/palestine-politics-300x201.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by DEZALB </figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">この機会に、パレスチナの政治についても少し整理しておこうと思います。<br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ PLO（パレスチナ解放機構）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">PLO（パレスチナ解放機構）は、先ほどのオスロ合意の場でイスラエル代表と握手を交わしていたアラファト議長が率いていた、パレスチナの諸組織をまとめた連合体で、1964年に創設されました。<br><br><br>国際社会では「<strong>パレスチナ人全体を代表する公式な組織</strong>」として認識されており、主に外交交渉の役割をやっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">アラファトさんが創設した <strong>Fatah</strong> (ファタハ）と呼ばれる政党が、このPLOの中で主導権を握っています。<br><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ PA（パレスチナ自治政府）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">PA（パレスチナ自治政府）は、PLOの枠組みの中で1993年のオスロ合意に基づいて設立された、暫定的な自治政府です。<br><br><br>PLOとイスラエルの交渉により、「ヨルダン川西岸」と「ガザ地区」を将来的なパレスチナ国家の基礎とするための枠組みの一部として設立されました。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">しかし、2006年のパレスチナ議会選挙でイスラム主義政党のハマス（Hamas）が勝利したことにより、ファタハを中心とするPAとの間で深刻な政治的・軍事的対立が発生し、<strong>現在PAはヨルダン川西岸のみを統治</strong>しています。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">ファタハも構成員の多くはイスラム教徒ですが、宗教に基づく政治ではなく、パレスチナの民族的独立や自治を重視しているのに対し、ハマスは明確にイスラム主義（イスラームの教えを基盤とする国家）を目指す思想を持っています。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">▫️ ハマス（Hamas）</h6>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ハマスは1987年に設立されたイスラム主義組織。イスラエルとの和平プロセスに批判的で、武力による抵抗を掲げています。<br><br><br>2006年の議会選挙でPA内で勝利した後、PAとの対立の末にガザ地区を事実上掌握し、<strong>現在はガザ地区を実効支配</strong>しています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">なお、ハマスは欧米諸国（アメリカ・EUなど）ではテロ組織と指定されています。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>*2007年以降、パレスチナの政党がこのように分裂している状況は、イスラエルにとって都合がよく、「統一政府が存在しない」「誰と交渉すべきかわからない」といった理由を使って、和平交渉を長年引き延ばすことが可能になっています。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc9">まとめ</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="298" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20716" style="width:474px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/who-rules-summary-300x175.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by Military_Material</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">チョムスキーさんの本を読んで見えてくるのは、アメリカが掲げる「自由」や「民主主義」が、実際には自国の利益のために使い分けられているという現実です。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">表向きでは、世界の秩序や平和を守るリーダーとして振る舞う一方で、その裏では暴力や介入、そして沈黙によって人々の声を押さえ込んでいるのが理解できます。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>先進国に住む私たちは、発展途上国で起きていることに関心を持ちにくく、パレスチナや他の国々での出来事を<br><br>「どこか遠いところで起こっている世界の話」<br><br>と捉えてしまっているため、私たちがふだん何気なく使っているモノや便利さが、そのどこか遠い国の人々の犠牲の上に成り立っている事に気づいていません。<br><br><br><br>今こそ、私たち自身の立ち位置や価値観を見直すことが大切なのではないかと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>最後まで読んでいただきありがとうございました。<br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/who-rules-the-world-english/">Who Rules the World? Summary &amp; Key Takeaways from Noam Chomsky’s Book</a></p>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Neoliberalism Explained: Insights from George Monbiot’s &#8220;The Invisible Doctrine&#8221;</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/george-monbiot-event-english/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Apr 2025 18:35:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[life in the UK]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20659</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This isn’t just a book about economics — it’s a wake-up call about the values that govern our lives. Monbiot’s message is urgent, clear, and necessary.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>Hi! It’s konkaz (<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>).<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>My wife and I went to a talk by <strong>George Monbiot</strong>, the British environmentalist and writer, held at the Royal Geographical Society right next to Hyde Park.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This was a rare opportunity to hear Monbiot&#8217;s sharp insights into climate change, ecosystem restoration, and the relationship between politics and the media.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>So in this article, I’ll be sharing what I took away from the event.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



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</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>




  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-9"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-9">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">Who is George Monbiot?</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"><strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">Summary</a></li></ul>
    </div>
  </div>

<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">Who is George Monbiot?</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20620" style="width:394px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot.jpeg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot-240x135.jpeg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from How to Academy</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To begin with, <strong>George Monbiot</strong> is a London-born environmental activist, journalist, and author who’s well known in the UK — and especially influential among young people engaged in the climate movement.<br><br><br>He has been writing columns for the British newspaper <em>&#8220;The Guardian&#8221;</em> for many years and is widely read and appreciated by readers around the world. <br><br><br><br><br>His major works include <em><strong>HEAT</strong></em> (also available in Japanese), <em><strong>REGENESIS</strong></em>, and <em><strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong></em>, which was the focus of this talk.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>He’s appeared on TED Talks and the BBC, but I personally started following George after seeing him on the YouTube channel <em>Politics JOE</em>. 👇</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="The failure of Neoliberalism and how to solve it | George Monbiot interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PwHTd7AnZ7c?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"><strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="181" height="278" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Unknown.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20624" style="width:235px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from penguin books</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>This talk was held as part of the promotion for George’s book <em><strong>The Invisible Doctrine</strong></em>, which was released about a year ago and is now coming out in paperback from Penguin Books.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Just like the previous event featuring <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/gary-stevenson-hackney-english/">Gary Stevenson</a>, this talk was hosted by <a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://howtoacademy.com/events-calendar/">How to Academy</a>. However, this time, I felt the crowd had a slightly different energy.<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At Gary&#8217;s event, there were a lot of relatively young men and women interested in economics, mostly giving off the impression of being hardworking professionals. On the other hand, at George&#8217;s event, the crowd seemed slightly older and appeared to have a bit more ease in their lives.<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">I imagine that Gary is striving to improve the world from the economic side, while George is doing the same from the environmental side. In between, there&#8217;s the political system issue that needs to be tackled, so to speak.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="363" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20626" style="width:440px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot-300x214.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">On the right is George Monbiot</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>I had listened to the audiobook of &#8220;THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE&#8221; about 10 months ago, so I was familiar with most of the content. <br><br><br>I remember that it gave an excellent and easy-to-understand explanation of capitalism and the term &#8220;<strong>Neoliberalism</strong>&#8220;.<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">To sum up, in the early 1980s, under the Conservative government led by Prime Minister Thatcher and U.S. President Reagan, the switch to &#8220;free-market economics&#8221; was activated, including deregulation, privatisation of public services, and cuts to social welfare. <br><br>As a result, the gap between those left behind and those who profited from the competitive society steadily widened, and even the Labour Party, originally intended to support the working class, shifted to the right, leading to the current dire situation.</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>Since it was first proposed by Austrian economists in the 1930s, the ideology of neoliberalism has been propagated by the wealthy, think tanks (which George refers to as &#8216;junk tanks&#8217;), the media, and politicians, planting the notion in society that individuals should be seen not as &#8216;citizens&#8217; but as &#8216;consumers&#8217;.<br><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The fundamental attitude is one of constant taking—take, take, take—and when that becomes empty, they simply move on to the next. This approach worsens many contemporary crises, such as economic inequality, the deterioration of public services, and environmental destruction.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>George also pointed out that neoliberalism has transformed political and social systems to benefit &#8220;the wealthy&#8221;. <br><br><br>Through lobbying activities, large corporations and others influence the government, causing democracy to become something increasingly shaped by the interests of a small group with money and power.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Consequently, the general public begins to feel that &#8216;their voices are no longer being heard&#8217; and that &#8216;politics no longer works for them&#8217;. Such feelings of hopelessness and discontent are then manipulated by leaders who seek to gain strong control by claiming, &#8216;I will change the nation!&#8217;<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And&#8230;.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">this triggers the mentality of &#8216;Although it&#8217;s unrealistic, perhaps we should bet on this person, the one we haven&#8217;t tried yet&#8217;, and in the end, it leads to even more painful outcomes.</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">Summary</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="355" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20627" style="width:482px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren-300x209.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What I took away from George&#8217;s talk is that a competitive society, or free-market economy (i.e., neoliberalism), encourages people to focus on individual goals such as&#8230;<br> <br><br>&#8216;wanting a better home,&#8217; <br>&#8216;wanting to travel more,&#8217; <br>&#8216;wanting better possessions,&#8217; <br><br>and <br><br>&#8216;working hard to leave more wealth for their children.&#8217; <br><br><br>When these personal or family goals are met, they are seen as the ultimate achievement. <br><br><br><br><strong>As a result, I feel that this eventually weakens the sense of community and local connections.</strong><br><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And since everyone else is following the same path, you can&#8217;t back out alone.</p>
</div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>But I believe that it is only with a sense of community that &#8220;give and take&#8221; can emerge, creating a balance between people and the environment.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>George said that rather than relying on individual wealth, politics should focus on strengthening systems that ensure equal access for all ー such as transport, education, healthcare, and the natural environment. I couldn’t agree more.<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>It&#8217;s time for all of us to wake up.<br><br><br><br><br>Bye now,<br><br>konkaz</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*You can read this blog post in Japanese from the link below.<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/george-monbiot-event/">環境活動家モンビオが語る『見えざる支配』とは？新自由主義の正体</a></p>
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		<title>環境活動家モンビオが語る『見えざる支配』とは？新自由主義の正体</title>
		<link>https://www.konkaz.com/george-monbiot-event/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[konkaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Apr 2025 16:52:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[life in the UK]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.konkaz.com/?p=20617</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[気づかないうちに私たちの思考と選択は操られている？環境活動家ジョージ・モンビオさんが語る、新自由主義という「見えざる支配」の真実。]]></description>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>どうも。コンカズ&nbsp;(<a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/konkazuk"><strong>@konkazuk</strong></a>)&nbsp;と申します。<br><br><br><br>環境ジャーナリストであり、作家としても知られるイギリスの活動家 <strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong> (George Monbiot) さんによるトークショーが、ハイドパーク沿いにある Royal Geographical Society で開催されたため、カミさんを連れて参加してきました。<br><br><br>気候変動や生態系の再生、そして政治とメディアの関係まで、鋭い視点で語られるモンビオさんの話を、直接聞けるまたとない機会です。<br><br><br><br>というわけで、今回はそのレポート記事となります。</p>



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  <div id="toc" class="toc tnt-none toc-center tnt-none border-element"><input type="checkbox" class="toc-checkbox" id="toc-checkbox-10"><label class="toc-title" for="toc-checkbox-10">目次</label>
    <div class="toc-content">
    <ul class="toc-list open"><li><a href="#toc1" tabindex="0">ジョージ・モンビオさんは何者？</a></li><li><a href="#toc2" tabindex="0"><strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong></a></li><li><a href="#toc3" tabindex="0">まとめ</a></li></ul>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc1">ジョージ・モンビオさんは何者？</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20620" style="width:390px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot.jpeg 300w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/george-monbiot-240x135.jpeg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from How to Academy</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">まず、<strong>ジョージ・モンビオ</strong>さんに関してですが、彼は、イギリスはロンドン生まれの環境活動家であり、ジャーナリスト、そして作家としても広く知られていて、特に気候変動に関心をもつ若い世代の活動家たちに大きな影響を与えている人物です。<br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">イギリスの新聞「ガーディアン」では長年にわたってコラムを執筆していて、世界中の読者から支持を得ています。<br><br><br><br>主な著書としては、<em>&#8220;<strong>HEAT</strong>&#8220;</em> (日本語ヴァージョンあり)、<em>&#8220;<strong>REGENESIS</strong>&#8220;</em>、そして今回のトークの内容でもある <em>&#8220;<strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong>&#8221; </em> などがあります。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>TED talkやBBCにも出演しているようですが、僕が個人的にジョージさんをフォローするようになったのは、彼が YouTubeチャンネルの<em>Politics JOE</em> に出演していたのを見たのがきっかけでした。👇</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="The failure of Neoliberalism and how to solve it | George Monbiot interview" width="1205" height="678" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PwHTd7AnZ7c?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc2"><strong>THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE</strong></span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="181" height="278" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Unknown.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-20624" style="width:233px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image taken from penguin books</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">さて、今回のトークショーは、約1年前に発売されたジョージさんの書籍 <strong>&#8220;THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE&#8221; </strong> がペーパーバック版としてペンギンブックスから発売されることになったので、そのプロモーションの一環として行われました。<br><br><br><br>前回の<a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/gary-stevenson-hackney/">ゲイリー・スティーブンソン</a>さんの時と同様、<a rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://howtoacademy.com/events-calendar/">How to Academy</a> が主催するイベントでしたが、今回はゲイリーさんの時と比べて少し客層の違いを感じました。<br><br></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ゲイリーさんのイベントでは、経済に関心のある比較的若い世代の男女が多く、バリバリ働いている印象の方が大多数を占めていた一方で、ジョージさんのイベントでは、少しだけ年齢層が高く、どことなく生活に余裕のありそうな方が来てたイメージですかね。<br><br></p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">ゲイリーさんは経済の方から、ジョージさんは環境の方から世の中を少しでも良くしようと頑張っていて、その真ん中に打破しなくてはならない政治の仕組み問題が挟まっているといった感じ？</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="363" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20626" style="width:434px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/monbiot-300x214.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">右側がジョージ・モンビオさん</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>&#8220;THE INVISIBLE DOCTRINE&#8221; に関しては、10ヶ月ほど前ににオーディオブックで聴いていたので大体の内容は覚えていましたが、資本主義経済と &#8220;<strong>Neoliberalism</strong>&#8220;（<strong>新自由主義</strong>）という言葉の定義が、すごく分かりやすく説明されていた本だったと記憶しています。<br><br></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">結論から言うと、1980年初頭に保守党政権のサッチャー首相と、アメリカのレーガン大統領のもとで「自由経済」（規制緩和、公共施設の民営化、社会保障の削減など）へのスイッチボタンが押されました。<br><br>その結果、競争社会に参加できず取り残された人たちと、富を得た人たちとの間で格差が着々と広がっていき、もともと労働者階級を支えていたはずの労働党までもが右寄りにシフトしてしまい、現在のひどい状況につながっている、というのが大まかな流れでしょうか。</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br><br>「新自由主義」の思想は、1930年代にオーストリアの経済学者たちによって提唱されて以来、富裕層やシンクタンク (ジョージさんの言葉を借りると「ジャンクタンク」）、メディア、政治家を通じて広められ、個人を「市民」ではなく「消費者」として捉える視点を社会に根付かせました。<br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-17 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0002.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">基本のアティチュードが、テイク、テイク、テイクを繰り返して、そこが空っぽになったら次に移るというやり方なので、経済的不平等、公共サービスの劣化、環境破壊など、多くの現代的危機を悪化させてしまいます。</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>あとジョージさんは、新自由主義によって政治や社会の仕組みが「お金を持っている人たち」に有利になるように変えられてきたとも指摘していました。<br><br><br>大企業などがロビー活動をすることで政府にまで影響を与えるので、民主主義が、だんだんとお金と権力を持つ一部の人たちの影響を強く受けるようになってしまったということです。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>これによって、一般市民は「自分たちの声はもう届かない」「政治は自分たちのために動いていない」と感じるようになり、そうした絶望や不満を利用して「自分が国を変える！」と主張する強い支配力を持ちたがるリーダーが現れます。<br><br><br><br>すると&#8230;</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">「現実的ではないけど、まだ試したことのないこの人に賭けてみようか」という心理がはたらき、最終的に、さらにイタイ目にあってしまうという流れになってしまうわけです。</h5>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span id="toc3">まとめ</span></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="510" height="355" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-20627" style="width:484px;height:auto" srcset="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren.jpg 510w, https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/warren-300x209.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image by warren</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">ジョージさんの話から感じたのは、競争社会、または自由経済（つまり新自由主義）は、<br><br><br>「もっといいところに住みたい」<br>「もっと旅行がしたい」<br>「もっといいものを身につけたい」<br>「子供の世代のために頑張って、もっと資産を残してあげたい」<br><br><br>といったように、「自分」、または「自分の家族」といった小さな単体がハッピーなったら、それがゴール達成という方向に向かってしまうので、<strong>その結果、最終的には地域のつながりやコミュニティの意識が薄れてしまうような気がします。</strong><br><br><br></p>



<div class="wp-block-cocoon-blocks-balloon-ex-box-1 speech-wrap sb-id-15 sbs-stn sbp-r sbis-cn cf block-box"><div class="speech-person"><figure class="speech-icon"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.konkaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/bubble-0003.jpg" alt="" class="speech-icon-image"/></figure><div class="speech-name"></div></div><div class="speech-balloon">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">そして、まわりがみんなそうなので、自分だけ降りることはできません。</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br><br>でも、やっぱりコミュニティーがあってこそ、「ギブ＆テイク」が生まれ、人間どうしの、または環境とのバランスが取れるのだと思います。</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>ジョージさんは、「個人の豊かさに頼るのではなく、交通、教育、医療、自然環境など、みんなが平等に恩恵を受けられる仕組み」を強くしていくことが、政治のあるべき姿だと言っていましたが、まさにその通りだと思いました。<br><br><br><br>みなさん、そろそろ目を覚ましましょう。<br><br><br><br><br>それではまた。<br><br>コンカズ</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*この記事の英語ヴァージョンはこちらから<br>👉 <a rel="follow noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.konkaz.com/george-monbiot-event-english/">Neoliberalism Explained: Insights from George Monbiot’s &#8220;The Invisible Doctrine&#8221;</a></p>
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